Fermentation Efficiency of Cells Immobilized on Delignified Brewers' Spent Grains after Low- and High-Temperature Thin Layer Thermal Drying

2009 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantina Tsaousi ◽  
Athanasios A. Koutinas ◽  
Argyro Bekatorou ◽  
Paul Loukatos
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Fermentation Efficiency ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Thermal Drying

scholarly journals Intermetallic Phase on the Interface of Ag-Au-Pd/Al Structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Wen Hsueh ◽  
Fei-Yi Hung ◽  
Truan-Sheng Lui ◽  
Li-Hui Chen ◽  
Kuan-Jen Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Bonding Interface ◽  
Main Phase ◽  
High Temperature Storage ◽  
Temperature Storage

Three wires, Au, Cu, and Ag-Au-Pd, were bonded on an Al pad, inducing IMC growth by a 155 hr high temperature storage (HTS) so that the electrical resistance was increased and critical fusing current density (CFCD) decreased. Observations of the Ag-Au-Pd wire after HTS (0–1000 hr) indicated that IMC between the Ag-Au-Pd wire and Al Pad was divided into three layers: Ag2Al layers above and below the bonding interface and a polycrystal thin layer above the total IMC. A high percentage of Pd and Au existed in this 200 nm thin layer, and could suppress Al diffusion into the Ag matrix to inhibit IMC growth. After PCT-1000 hr, a noncontinuous structure still remained between the IMC layer and interface, and the main phase of IMC was (Ag, Au, Pd)2Al with a hexagonal structure.

scholarly journals No-Cook Process for Ethanol Production Using Indian Broken Rice and Pearl Millet

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipul Gohel ◽  
Gang Duan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Conditions ◽  
Fermentation Efficiency ◽  
High Temperature Process ◽  
Broken Rice ◽  
Ethanol Recovery

No-cook process using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) was evaluated for Indian broken rice and pearl millet. One-factor-at-a-time optimization method was used in ethanol production to identify optimum concentration of GSHE, under yeast fermentation conditions using broken rice and pearl millet as fermentation feedstocks. An acid fungal protease at a concentration of 0.2 kg per metric ton of grain was used along with various dosages of GSHE under yeast fermentation conditions to degrade the grain proteins into free amino nitrogen for yeast growth. To measure the efficacy of GSHE to hydrolyze no-cook broken rice and pearl millet, the chemical composition, fermentation efficiency, and ethanol recovery were determined. In both feedstocks, fermentation efficiency and ethanol recovery obtained through single-step no-cook process were higher than conventional multistep high-temperature process, currently considered the ideal industrial process. Furthermore, the no-cook process can directly impact energy consumption through steam saving and reducing the water cooling capacity needs, compared to conventional high-temperature process.

Key Technologies of Heterojunction Solar Cell and Module Manufacturing

2015 ◽  
Vol 1771 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Xiangheng He ◽  
Tingkai Li
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Higher Temperature

ABSTRACTThe a-Si/c-Si Heterojunction Technology (HJT) or Heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) solar cell have been fabricated in mass production，the average conversion efficiency of HJT solar cells with 3 bus bar, 5 bus bar and smart wire structures have reached 20%, 21% and 22% respectively. One of the biggest obstructions for HIT module manufacturing is the Cell-to-Module (CTM) stringing process where much power loss happened due to high temperature. The higher temperature in stringing process makes passivation quality worse and introduces much more defects. In this article, we present our investigation on CTM string connection methods, especially on which undergo low temperature to avoid thermal micro damage on cell’s functional structure. Several kinds of string connection are elaborated. The discussion will give some directions for further laboratory research and HJT manufacturing.

Microstructure and Hardness of High Temperature Alloy Ti-1100 Melted in CaO Crucible

2014 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
Bin Guo Fu ◽  
Hong Wei Wang ◽  
Chun Ming Zou ◽  
Pan Ma ◽  
Zun Jie Wei
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Vacuum Induction Melting ◽  
Induction Melting ◽  
High Temperature Alloy ◽  
Melting Technology ◽  
Cast Alloys

A high temperature alloy Ti-1100 was produced by vacuum induction melting technology. The effects of casting modulus on the microstructure and hardness of the cast alloys were determined and the results were presented and briefly discussed. Results demonstrate that the microstructure of cast alloys with different modulus are all widmanstatten structure with basket weave features where individual α-laths are separated by a thin layer of retained prior β phase. The greater the modulus, the larger the prior β grain size and α-laths spacing, and the less the Vickers hardness. The roles of the casting modulus governing the microstructures and hardness of the alloys were also discussed.

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