scholarly journals A Remark on the Bank Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Barz
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
Practical Factors

Abstract Since their formulation by Keith DeRose (1992), the so-called bank cases have played a major role in the discussion about whether knowledge depends on practical factors. According to the proponents of pragmatic encroachment, the proper conclusion to be drawn from the bank cases and similar examples is that knowledge of a proposition p does not supervene on one’s evidence for or against p. In my view, this conclusion is ill-founded. The reason is that the bank cases and similar examples suffer from an ambiguity concerning the known proposition — an ambiguity that has so far been overlooked. When this ambiguity is made explicit, it becomes clear that the conclusion does not follow.

ON THE INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP OF KNOWLEDGE AND ACTION

Episteme ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charity Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Practical Factors ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractPragmatic encroachment offers a picture of knowledge whereby knowledge is unstable. This paper argues that pragmatic encroachment is committed to more instability than has been hitherto noted. One surprising result of the arguments in this paper is that pragmatic encroachment is not merely about changes in stakes. All sorts of practical factors can make for the presence or absence of knowledge on this picture – stakes are just one factor among many that are knowledge-depriving. In this way, the focus in the literature on ‘stakes-sensitivity’ is misleading. Furthermore, insufficient attention has been paid to the variety of ways in which on this view pragmatic factors affect knowledge: pragmatic factors are not merely knowledge-depriving but are also knowledge-inducing.

Application of Automated FIB for TEM Sample Preparation in Semiconductor Failure Analysis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Soo Sien Seah ◽  
Irene Tee ◽  
Bing Hai Liu ◽  
Eddie Er ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dual Beam ◽  
Lamella Thickness ◽  
Surface Patterns ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
Practical Factors ◽  
High Flexibility

Abstract In this paper, we describe automated FIB for TEM sample preparation using iFast software on a Helios 450HP dual-beam system. A robust iFast automation recipe needs to consider as many variables as possible in order to ensure consistent sample quality and high success rate. Variations mainly come from samples of different materials, structures, surface patterns, surface topography and surface charging. The recipe also needs to be user-friendly and provide high flexibility by allowing users to choose preferable working parameters for specific types of samples, such as: grounding, protective layer coating, milling steps, and final TEM lamella thickness/width. In addition to the iFast recipe, other practical factors affecting automation success rate are also discussed and highlighted.

Identifying underlying issues related to the inactive excipients of transfersomes based drug delivery system

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drashti Patel ◽  
Bappaditya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Systemic Availability ◽  
Drug Penetration ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Practical Factors ◽  
Edge Activator

: Transfersomes are bilayer vesicles composed of phospholipid and edge-activators, which are mostly surfactant. Transfersomes based drug delivery system has gained a lot of interest of the pharmaceutical researchers for their ability to improve drug penetration and permeation through the skin. Transdermal drug delivery via transfersomes has the potential to overcome the challenge of low systemic availability. However, this complex vesicular system has different issues to consider for developing a successful transdermal delivery system. One of the major ingredients, phospholipid has versatile sources and variable effect on the vesicle size and drug entrapment in transfersomes. The other one termed as edge-activator or surfactant has some crucial consideration of skin damage and toxicity depending upon its type and concentration. A complex interaction between type and concentration of phospholipid and surfactant was observed, which affect the physicochemical properties of transfersomes. This review focuses on the practical factors related to these two major ingredients such as phospholipid and surfactant. The origin, purity, desired concentration, the susceptibility of degradation, etc. are the important factors for selecting phospholipid. Regarding surfactants, the major aspects are type and desired concentration. A successful development of transfersomes based drug delivery system depends on the proper considerations of these factors and practical aspects.

scholarly journals From Eco-Urbanism to Eco-Fusion: An Augmented Multi-Scalar Framework in Sustainable Urbanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2373
Author(s):  
Ali Cheshmehzangi ◽  
Andrew Flynn ◽  
May Tan-Mullins ◽  
Linjun Xie ◽  
Wu Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
Sustainable Urbanism ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Practical Factors ◽  
Key Terms

This paper introduces the new concept of “eco-fusion” through an exploratory case study project. It suggests the importance of multi-scalar practice in the broader field of eco-urbanism. This study introduces eco-fusion as a multiplexed paradigm, which is then discussed in two different development models. This paper first highlights the position of “eco” in urbanism by providing a brief account of key terms and how they relate to one another. It then points out the associations between eco-fusion and sustainable urban development. Through an exploratory case study example in China, the practical factors of eco-development are assessed. The study aims to provide a set of intermediate development stages while maintaining each spatial level’s interface in their own defined and distinguished contexts. The key objective is to consider integrating the natural and built environments, which is considered the best practice of eco-development in urbanism. This study’s findings highlight integrated methods in eco-urbanism and suggest new directions for eco-planning/eco-design strategies.

TIME CONSTRAINTS AND PRAGMATIC ENCROACHMENT ON KNOWLEDGE

Episteme ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shin
Keyword(s):  
Time Constraints ◽  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
Knowledge Ascriptions ◽  
Ordinary Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Way

AbstractCiting some recent experimental findings, I argue for the surprising claim that in some cases the less time you have the more you know. More specifically, I present some evidence to suggest that our ordinary knowledge ascriptions are sometimes sensitive to facts about an epistemic subject's truth-irrelevant time constraints such that less (time) is more (knowledge). If knowledge ascriptions are sensitive in this manner, then this is some evidence of pragmatic encroachment. Along the way, I consider comments made by Jonathan Schaffer (2006) and Jennifer Nagel (2008, 2010) to construe a purist contextualist and a strict invariantist explanation of the data respectively, before giving reasons to resist them in favor of an account that indicates pragmatic encroachment. If successful, this may suggest a new way to argue for the controversial thesis that there is pragmatic encroachment on knowledge.

scholarly journals Design, modeling, and demonstration of a new dual-mode back-assist exosuit with extension mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik P. Lamers ◽  
Karl E. Zelik
Keyword(s):  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Mode Switching ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Extension Mechanism ◽  
Body Forces ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Military Healthcare ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Practical Factors

Abstract Occupational exoskeletons and exosuits have been shown to reduce muscle demands and fatigue for physical tasks relevant to a variety of industries (e.g., logistics, construction, manufacturing, military, healthcare). However, adoption of these devices into the workforce has been slowed by practical factors related to comfort, form-factor, weight, and not interfering with movement or posture. We previously introduced a low-profile, dual-mode exosuit comprised of textile and elastic materials to address these adoption barriers. Here we build upon this prior work by introducing an extension mechanism that increases the moment arm of the exosuit while in engaged mode, then collapses in disengaged mode to retain key benefits related to being lightweight, low-profile, and unobstructive. Here we demonstrate both analytically and empirically how this extensible exosuit concept can (a) reduce device-to-body forces (which can improve comfort for some users and situations), or (b) increase the magnitude of torque assistance about the low back (which may be valuable for heavy-lifting jobs) without increasing shoulder or leg forces relative to the prior form-fitting exosuit. We also introduce a novel mode-switching mechanism, as well as a human-exosuit biomechanical model to elucidate how individual design parameters affect exosuit assistance torque and device-to-body forces. The proof-of-concept prototype, case study, and modeling work provide a foundation for understanding and implementing extensible exosuits for a broad range of applications. We envision promising opportunities to apply this new dual-mode extensible exosuit concept to assist heavy-lifting, to further enhance user comfort, and to address the unique needs of last-mile and other delivery workers.

Pragmatic Encroachment and Belief-Desire Psychology

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa ◽  
Benjamin Jarvis ◽  
Katherine Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Encroachment

RATIONAL STABILITY UNDER PRAGMATIC ENCROACHMENT

Episteme ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTIn this paper I will be concerned with the relationship between pragmatic encroachment and the rational instability of belief. I will be concerned to make five points: first, that some defenders of pragmatic encroachment are indeed committed to predictable rational instability of belief; second, that rational instability is indeed troublesome – particularly when it is predictable; third, that the bare thesis of pragmatic encroachment is not committed to rational instability of belief at all; fourth, that the view that Jake Ross and I have called the ‘reasoning disposition’ account of belief has the right structure to predict limited and stable pragmatic encroachment on the rationality of belief; and fifth and finally, that the very best cases for pragmatic encroachment are rationally stable in the right ways.

Social, Cultural, Economical, and Practical Factors

2010 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Simin B. Vaghefi ◽  
Julia Watkins ◽  
Karri Brown
Keyword(s):  
Practical Factors
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