Process Design, Techno-Economic Modelling, and Uncertainty Analysis of Biodiesel Production from Palm Kernel Oil

The ever-growing concern for the safety of lives and the environment as well as the depletion in fossil fuels reserves across the globe has led to the keen interests of many researchers in the field of renewable energy. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the trans-esterification optimization process for biodiesel production from palm kernel using response surface methodology. The materials for the trans-esterification processes were palm kernel oil, Methanol and sodium hydroxide. The effects of reaction temperature (oC), catalyst concentration (wt%) and reaction time (min) on the yield were evaluated. The properties of the biodiesel produced showed that it met the ASTM standard for biodiesel. A quadratic polynomial model, Yield (%) = 78.60–3.12A–.62B + 0.00C -0.75AB – 3.50AC + 1.50BC + 2.82A2– 0.18B2 + 1.08C2, was developed that can be used to predict yield of biodiesel at any value of the different parameters investigated. The ANOVA for the model of the biodiesel yield obtained indicates that the models fit well in describing the relationship between the predictor (biodiesel yield) and the factors (methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time). The optimal trans-esterification conditions were found to be 60°C for temperature, 60minutes for reaction time, 0.878w% of oil as Sodium hydroxide (catalyst) concentration and methanol/oil ratio of 1:6. At these optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was fond to be 89.32% The generated biodiesel had high cetane number, better engine ignitability and poses lesser pollution problems than petroleum diesel.

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Comprehensive Assessment from Optimum Biodiesel Yield to Combustion Characteristics of Light Duty Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Kernel Oil Biodiesel and Fuel Additives

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14154274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4274

Author(s):

Senthur Prabu Sabapathy ◽

Asokan Morappur Ammasi ◽

Esmail Khalife ◽

Mohammad Kaveh ◽

Mariusz Szymanek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Thermal Efficiency ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Yield Condition ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil

Biodiesel is considered as a key prospective renewable energy source in India. Hence, a study was carried out for the improvement of palm kernel oil biodiesel production using a transesterification process at different molar ratios. This study comprehensively examined all aspects of biodiesel from optimum production to the effect of additives on its combustion behavior. The optimum yield condition was validated with the MINITAB-17 software and analyzed using the Taguchi method. Two different additives, 5% diethyl ether (DEE) and 2000 ppm Butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT), were also experimented. Engine experiments were conducted at constant speed (1500 rpm) and five different engine loads (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Heat release rate, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, engine emissions, such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity were analyzed. The maximum palm kernel oil (PKO) biodiesel yields, obtained at 55 °C, for the KOH and NaOH catalysts were 86.69% and 75.21% at the molar ratio of 6:1. B20BHT combustion showed 4.6% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE). NOx emission was reduced by 19.4%, compared to the diesel fuel values. DEE resulted in higher CO and HC emissions compared to diesel fuel values by 39.2% and 7.6%, respectively, whereas smoke emission was improved by 11.5%.

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Simplified Rate Expression for Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) and Methanol Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction

European Journal of Engineering Research and Science ◽

10.24018/ejers.2020.5.5.1901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 599-606

Author(s):

A. D. Okewale ◽

Millionaire Freeborn Nestor Abowei ◽

F. O. Agbogun ◽

C. N. Owabor

Keyword(s):

Reaction Rate ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Kinetic Reaction ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Rate Expression

The need for the development of simplified kinetics rates expression (-RA) for Vegetable Oils Alkali catalyzed Transesterification processes to enhance biodiesel production motivated this study. The study, therefore aimed at proposing unified simple rate expression that may be a useful prelude to design various reactor types for Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) and Methanol reactions. The kinetics rate expression is proposed using simple explicit algebraic technique with the consideration that alkali catalyzed transesterification reaction of palm kernel oil and methanol is a reversible bimolecular reaction. The proposed kinetic reaction rate expression is developed as a function of conversion (XA), reactants and products concentration and reaction rate constants (k1 and k2). The kinetics reaction rate expression obtained is further evaluated on the basis of reactants and product molar masses and densities. The developed models were simulated using Matlab codes programming techniques. The results for kinetic reaction rates (-RA & -ReA) decreases with decrease in fractional volume change (e) and increase in fractional conversion at constant reaction time. The results were quite compatible with those of inferential laboratory physicochemical characterization reported.

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Synthesis of solid catalyst from natural calcite for biodiesel production: Case study of palm kernel oil in an optimization study using definitive screening design

Biofuels ◽

10.1080/17597269.2018.1532752 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. O. Ajala ◽

M. A. Ajala ◽

O. B. Okedere ◽

F. Aberuagba ◽

V. Awoyemi

Keyword(s):

Palm Kernel ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Screening Design ◽

Optimization Study ◽

Definitive Screening ◽

Definitive Screening Design

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Ultrasonic method of Biodiesel production from Palm kernel

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v5i1.271 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O. K. Onanuga ◽

J. O. Coker

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Alternative Diesel Fuel

Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel derived from chemical reactors produced from palm kernel oil, is currently spreading like a wind dust in the air. It is considered as the fuel for the future without rise in global warming. It has advantages over the fossil fuel diesel as sustainability (renewable resources), ease of production, and availability of raw materials. The study examines the biodiesel produced through transesterification of palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) with methanol using granulated sodium hydroxide as catalyst through ultrasonic method. The palm kernel oil biodiesel produced was characterized as alternative diesel fuel through standard tests (ASTM) for basic fuel properties such as viscosity, cloud point, pour point, flash point and specific gravity as well as economical feasibility for Nigeria. The result showed that 875g of palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) with 175g of methanol using 13g of sodium hydroxide (granulated) subjected to ultrasonic method for 1 hour through transesterification process produced 96.23% of biodiesel and 16.89% of glycerol plus high excess methanol wasallowed to settle for 6 hours. Two layers were observed containing unwashed biodiesel at the top and darker layers of glycerin. After washing the biodiesel with warm water, the cleaned, biodiesel was dried by heat to remove the moisture from and allowed to settle down. A bright colour biodiesel was obtained which was within the international standard for biodiesel fuel.

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SYNTHESIS OF SOLID CATALYST FROM DOLOMITE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING PALM KERNEL OIL IN AN OPTIMIZATION PROCESS BY DEFINITIVE SCREENING DESIGN

Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1590/0104-6632.20190362s20180516 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 979-994 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elijah O. Ajala ◽

Mary A. Ajala ◽

Temitope E. Odetoye ◽

Anuoluwapo T. Okunlola

Keyword(s):

Palm Kernel ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Optimization Process ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Screening Design ◽

Definitive Screening ◽

Definitive Screening Design

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Kinetics Studies of Epoxidation and Oxirane Cleavage-Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil

Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) ◽

10.2174/2405520413666200117091235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 232-240

Author(s):

Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽

Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin ◽

Mohd Saufi Md Zaini ◽

Veronique Gloria V. Siduru ◽

Norhashimah Morad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Reference Material ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

High Yield ◽

Simulation Data ◽

Kinetic Rate ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kinetics Studies ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Oxirane Cleavage

Background: Studies pertaining to the epoxidation of fatty acids, garnered much interest in recent years due to the rising demand of eco-friendly epoxides derived from vegetable oils. Methods: Epoxide is an important chemical precursor for the production of alcohols, glycols and polymers, like polyesters and epoxy resin. Epoxidation is the name given to the reaction when the double bonds are converted into epoxide. Results: Temperature at 55oC was used as a reference material in the epoxide process, as it produces a high yield epoxide being 88%. The kinetic rate of epoxidized palm kernel oil, k was obtained to be k11= 0.5125, k12= 0.05045, k21= 0.03185, k41= 0.01 and k51= 0.01243. Conclusion: Hence, by fitting the result with the experimental work and simulation, the summation of error being stimulated by I-sight simulation was 0.731116428 and the correlation between the experimental and simulation data was 0.925544.

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