scholarly journals Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Gasperini ◽  
E. Garcia-Cela ◽  
M. Sulyok ◽  
A. Medina ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Gm Maize ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Fungal Populations

Abstract There is little knowledge of the microbial diversity, mycotoxins and associated secondary metabolites in GM maize and isogenic non-GM cultivars (cvs). This study has quantified the microbial populations and dominant fungal genera in 6 cvs of each type representative of herbicide, pesticide or stacked resistance to both. The predominant mycotoxins and targeted metabolomics profiles were also compared between the two sets of cvs. This showed that the overall fungal populations were 8.8 CFUs g−1 maize. The dominant genera, isolated from maize samples, whether surface-sterilised or not, in all maize cvs were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and occasionally Cladosporium and Alternaria. The analysis of the targeted metabolomics showed that approx. 29 different metabolites were detected. These were dominated by fumonisins and minor Penicillium spp. metabolites (questiomycin A and rugulovasine A). Interestingly, the range and number of mycotoxins present in the GM cvs were significantly lower than in the non-GM maize samples. This suggests that while the fungal diversity of the two types of maize appeared to be very similar, the major contaminant mycotoxins and range of toxic secondary metabolites were much lower in the GM cvs.

scholarly journals Correction to: Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Gasperini ◽  
E. Garcia-Cela ◽  
M. Sulyok ◽  
A. Medina ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Gm Maize ◽  
Maize Cultivars

Effects of potassium azide on soil microbial populations and soil enzymatic activities

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Kelley ◽  
R. Rodriguez-Kabana
Keyword(s):  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Potassium Azide ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Microbial Numbers

Preplant applications of potassium azide (KN3) to pine nursery beds were evaluated for effect on the soil microflora and on soil enzyme activity where either plastic-sealing or water-sealing techniques were used. Two weeks after incorporation of azide (0–224 kg/ha), soil samplings revealed reduced populations of bacteria and fungi and a corresponding decline in invertase and amylase activities. These effects were proportionate to the amount of azide used and were more pronounced in plastic-sealed plots. Phosphatase activity was little affected. Five weeks after azide application, bacterial populations were higher in treated plots than in controls. Greater numbers of bacteria were recorded from plastic-sealed plots and highest populations coincided with plots receiving the highest rates of azide, regardless of the sealing technique. Fungal populations at this sampling were generally less in treated plots than in the controls, but were higher under plastic seal. At this time, changes in invertase and amylase activities did not correspond to increased microbial numbers. Sixteen weeks after applications of KN3, bacterial populations in treated plots did not differ significantly from controls, but remained higher in plastic-sealed than water-sealed plots. Fungal populations under plastic seal had changed little and remained significantly lower in treated water-sealed plots than in controls. The earlier recorded reduction in invertase and amylase activities was still evident at the final sampling.

scholarly journals Early life home microbiome and hyperactivity/inattention in school-age children

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Casas ◽  
Anne M. Karvonen ◽  
Pirkka V. Kirjavainen ◽  
Martin Täubel ◽  
Heidi Hyytiäinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Diversity Measures ◽  
Early Life Exposure

AbstractThis study evaluates the association between indoor microbial diversity early in life and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms in children at ages 10 and 15 years.A random sample enriched with subjects with hyperactivity/inattention at age 15 years was selected from the German LISA birth cohort. Bedroom floor dust was collected at age 3 months and 4 bacterial and fungal diversity measures [number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices] were calculated from Illumina MiSeq sequencing data. Hyperactivity/inattention was based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at ages 10 and 15 (cut-off ≥7). Adjusted associations between 4 diversity measures in tertiles and hyperactivity/inattention were investigated with weighted and survey logistic regression models. We included 226 individuals with information on microbial diversity and hyperactivity/inattention. Early life bacterial diversity was inversely associated with hyperactivity/inattention at age 10 [bacterial OTUs (medium vs low: aOR = 0.4, 95%CI = (0.2–0.8)) and Chao1 (medium vs low: 0.3 (0.1–0.5); high vs low: 0.3 (0.2–0.6)], whereas fungal diversity was directly associated [Chao1 (high vs low: 2.1 (1.1–4.0)), Shannon (medium vs low: 2.8 (1.3–5.8)), and Simpson (medium vs low: 4.7 (2.4–9.3))]. At age 15, only Shannon index was significantly associated with hyperactivity/inattention [bacteria (medium vs low: 2.3 (1.2–4.2); fungi (high vs low: 0.5 (0.3–0.9))]. In conclusion, early life exposure to microbial diversity may play a role in the psychobehavioural development. We observe heterogeneity in the direction of the associations encouraging further longitudinal studies to deepen our understanding of the characteristics of the microbial community underlying the observed associations.

scholarly journals Resilience of Biocontrol for Aflatoxin Minimization Strategies: Climate Change Abiotic Factors May Affect Control in Non-GM and GM-Maize Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Marcon Gasperini ◽  
Alicia Rodriguez-Sixtos ◽  
Carol Verheecke-Vaessen ◽  
Esther Garcia-Cela ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Gm Maize ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Maize Cultivars

scholarly journals Profiling of Widely Targeted Metabolomics for the Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Heartwood and Sapwood of the Red-Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia Lanceolata)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Sen Cao ◽  
Zijie Zhang ◽  
Yuhan Sun ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Huiquan Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
System A ◽  
Widely Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Mass Spectrometry System

The chemical composition of secondary metabolites is important for the quality control of wood products. In this study, the widely targeted metabolomics approach was used to analyze the metabolic profiles of heartwood and sapwood in the red-heart Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system. A total of 224 secondary metabolites were detected in the heartwood and sapwood, and of these, flavonoids and phenolic acids accounted for 36% and 26% of the components, respectively. The main pathways appeared to be differentially activated, including those for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. Moreover, we observed highly significant accumulation of naringenin chalcone, dihydrokaempferol, pinocembrin, hesperetin, and other important secondary metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Our results provide insight into the flavonoid pathway associated with wood color formation in Chinese fir that will be useful for further breeding programs.

scholarly journals New Insights into Microbial Diversity of the Traditional Packed Table Olives Aloreña de Málaga through Metataxonomic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
Elio López-García ◽  
Antonio Benítez-Cabello ◽  
Javier Ramiro-García ◽  
Verónica Romero-Gil ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Strategies

Aloreña de Málaga is a table olive especially characterised by its natural freshness and short shelf-life. In this work, we applied a metataxonomic approach to unravel the microbial diversity of bacterial and fungi populations through the shelf-life of traditionally packed Aloreña de Málaga. A significant increase in lactic acid bacteria and mesophilic aerobic populations was observed during shelf-life, reaching the maximum population levels (4–5 log10 CFU) at the end of the study (260 days). On the contrary, a rapid reduction in yeast and mould populations was reported. The use of a metataxonomic analysis based on the amplification of 16S (bacteria) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (fungi) regions revealed a low diversity for both microbial groups. Lactiplantibacillus (65.05 ± 8.65% in brine vs. 58.70 ± 15.70% in fruit), Pediococcus (28.17 ± 7.36% in brine vs. 27.20 ± 15.95% in fruit), and Celerinatantimonas (4.64 ± 1.08% in brine vs. 11.82 ± 18.17% in fruit) were the main genera found among bacteria, and an increase in Lactiplantibacillus and a reduction in Celerinatantimonas populations during the shelf-life were observed. On the other hand, Citeromyces was the dominant fungi genus (54.11 ± 2.00% in brine vs. 50.91 ± 16.14% in fruit), followed by Candida (8.80 ± 2.57% in brine vs. 12.32 ± 8.61% in fruit) and Penicillium (6.48 ± 1.87% vs. 8.48 ± 4.43% in fruit). No food-borne pathogen genera were detected in any of the samples analysed, indicating the high level of food safety found in this ready-to-eat fermented vegetable. Data obtained in this work will help in the design of new strategies for the control of microbial populations during the shelf-life of Aloreña de Málaga.

scholarly journals Foliar application of nitrogenous compounds and elicitors to Tempranillo grapevines: Microbiological implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e0301
Author(s):  
Lucía González-Arenzana ◽  
Javier Portu ◽  
Ana R. Gutiérrez ◽  
Pilar Santamaría ◽  
Isabel López-Alfaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Commercial Yeast ◽  
Negative Impacts

This study was aimed to analyze the effects of the nitrogen foliar application, and elicitation used on microbial populations of musts. The nitrogenous compounds were raw and treated wastewater from mushroom industry and a commercial yeast derivate; the elicitors were methyl jasmonate, chitosan and one commercial elicitor from a yeast source. Those six products were sprayed as pre-harvest treatment over the leaves of Tempranillo grapevines for improving quality and maturity of grapes. The applications of raw and treated wastewaters from mushroom industry, chitosan and methyl jasmonate elicitation did not cause changes in microbial diversity of must samples. In contrast, spraying commercial yeast derivate products made the must microbiota reach a high richness of species that would be positive in ecological terms. This research succeeded in establishing the impacts of foliar applications in the grapevines on the microbial community, and in any case, negative impacts were observed so that, presumably, these foliar applications can be perfectly implemented as agronomic practice.

The effects of a pesticide program on non-target epiphytic microbial populations of apple leaves

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1058-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Andrews ◽  
Charles M. Kenerley
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Integrated Control Strategies ◽  
Foliar Pathogens

The epiphytic microbial community was quantitatively and qualitatively altered when a standard pesticide schedule that comprised applications of an insecticide, a bactericide, and a fungicide was applied to McIntosh apple trees. Effects on non-target organisms were observed for two seasons by three indirect methods and three direct methods: plating of leaf washings, imprinting of leaves onto five different media, spore fall patterns, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and isolation of propagules from leaves incubated in humidity chambers. Magnitude of reduction of bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes varied annually and between categories of microflora. Populations from treated leaves were reduced 10- to 1000-fold in 1976 and up to 50-fold in 1977. Qualitatively, fluorescent pseudomonads and lactic acid-type bacteria were among those depressed by pesticide. Fungal populations on treated leaves were less diverse than on control leaves. Aureobasidium was only slightly affected and incidence of Sporobolomyces was substantially higher on treated leaves than on controls. The results suggest that numbers of antagonists to foliar pathogens of apple which may occur as part of the natural epiphytic microbial community may be reduced by current pesticide programs and hence have possible implications for the development of biological approaches to integrated control strategies.

scholarly journals Characterization of fungal microbial diversity in healthy and diarrheal Tibetan piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghui Kong ◽  
Suozhu Liu ◽  
Aoyun Li ◽  
Yaping Wang ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
The Tibet Autonomous Region

Abstract Background Diarrhea is an important ailment limiting the production of the Tibetan pig industry. Dynamic balance of the intestinal microbiota is important for the physiology of the animal. The objective of this work was to study fungal diversity in the feces of early weaning Tibetan piglets in different health conditions. Results In the present study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to characterize the fungal microbial diversity in healthy, diarrheal and treated Tibetan piglets at the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China. The four alpha diversity indices (Chao1, ACE, Shannon and Simpson) revealed no significant differences in the richness across the different groups (P > 0.05). In all samples, the predominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Rozellomycota. Moreover, the healthy piglets showed a higher abundance of Ascomycota than the treated ones with a decreased level of Basidiomycota. One phylum (Rozellomycota) showed higher abundance in the diarrheal piglets than in the treated. At genus level, compared with that to the healthy group, the proportion of Derxomyces and Lecanicillium decreased, whereas that of Cortinarius and Kazachstania increased in the diarrheal group. The relative abundances of Derxomyces, Phyllozyma and Hydnum were higher in treated piglets than in the diarrheal ones. Conclusions A decreased relative abundance of beneficial fungi (e.g. Derxomyces and Lecanicillium) may cause diarrhea in the early-weaned Tibetan piglets. Addition of probiotics into the feed may prevent diarrhea at this stage. This study presented the fungal diversity in healthy, diarrheal and treated early-weaned Tibetan piglets.

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