Evaluation of the Role of Probiotics As a New Strategy to Eliminate Microbial Toxins: a Review

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolamir Ghadaksaz ◽  
Somayeh Mousavi Nodoushan ◽  
Hamid Sedighian ◽  
Elham Behzadi ◽  
Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
Keyword(s):  
New Strategy ◽  
Microbial Toxins

scholarly journals Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain?

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Ana Campos-Ríos ◽  
Lola Rueda-Ruzafa ◽  
Salvador Herrera-Pérez ◽  
Paula Rivas-Ramírez ◽  
José Antonio Lamas
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Visceral Hypersensitivity ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Sodium Channel Blocker ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Specific Receptors

Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditions. Current treatments for visceral pain generally involve opioid based drugs, ≠≠which are associated with important side-effects and a loss of effectiveness or tolerance. Hence, efforts have been intensified to find new, more effective and longer-lasting therapies. The implication of VGSCs in visceral hypersensitivity has drawn attention to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a relatively selective sodium channel blocker, as a possible and promising molecule to treat visceral pain and related diseases. As such, here we will review the latest information regarding this toxin that is relevant to the treatment of visceral pain and the possible advantages that it may offer relative to other treatments, alone or in combination.

Observation of the Pinning-Induced Crystal-Hexatic-Glass Transition in Two-Dimensional Colloidal Suspensions

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 106101
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Sun ◽  
Huaguang Wang ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Zexin Zhang ◽  
Yuqiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Glassy Materials ◽  
Colloidal Glass ◽  
Orientational Correlation

Identification of the glass formation process in various conditions is of importance for fundamental understanding of the mechanism of glass transitions as well as for developments and applications of glassy materials. We investigate the role of pinning in driving the transformation of crystal into glass in two-dimensional colloidal suspensions of monodisperse microspheres. The pinning is produced by immobilizing a fraction of microspheres on the substrate of sample cells where the mobile microspheres sediment. Structurally, the crystal-hexatic-glass transition occurs with increasing the number fraction of pinning ρ pinning, and the orientational correlation exhibits a change from quasi-long-range to short-range order at ρ pinning = 0.02. Interestingly, the dynamics shows a non-monotonic change with increasing the fraction of pinning. This is due to the competition between the disorder that enhances the dynamics and the pinning that hinders the particle motions. Our work highlights the important role of the pinning on the colloidal glass transition, which not only provides a new strategy to prevent crystallization forming glass, but also is helpful for understanding of the vitrification in colloidal systems.

Platelets in cancer development and diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1517-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Contursi ◽  
Rosalia Grande ◽  
Melania Dovizio ◽  
Annalisa Bruno ◽  
Rosa Fullone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Antiplatelet Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Tumor Drugs

Platelets are involved in the development and progression of cancer through several mechanisms. Platelet activation at the site of tissue damage contributes to the initiation of a cascade of events which promote tumorigenesis. In fact, platelets release a wide array of proteins, including growth and angiogenic factors, lipids and extracellular vesicles rich in genetic material, which can mediate the induction of phenotypic changes in target cells, such as immune, stromal and tumor cells, and promote carcinogenesis and metastasis formation. Importantly, the role of platelets in tumor immune escape has been described. These lines of evidence open the way to novel strategies to fight cancer based on the use of antiplatelet agents. In addition to their ability to release factors, platelets are able of up-taking proteins and genetic material present in the bloodstream. Platelets are like ‘sentinels’ of the disease state. The evaluation of proteomics and transcriptomics signature of platelets and platelet-derived microparticles could represent a new strategy for the development of biomarkers for early cancer detection and/or therapeutic drug monitoring in cancer chemotherapy. Owing to the ability of platelets to interact with cancer cells and to deliver their cargo, platelets have been proposed as a ‘biomimetic drug delivery system’ for anti-tumor drugs to prevent the occurrence of off-target adverse events associated with the use of traditional chemotherapy.

The President as Policy Entrepreneur

The Last Card ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 344-360
Author(s):  
Colin Dueck
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Policy Advice ◽  
The Political ◽  
Policy Entrepreneur ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurship ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Commander In Chief

This concluding chapter focuses on the role of George W. Bush himself, arguing that by 2006–2007, the president had become a more mature and assertive commander-in-chief who asked hard questions of his military commanders and pushed the policy process to deliver strategic alternatives. The president successfully related the policy advice he received to the political requirements and constraints he faced to fashion a new strategy for the Iraq War. His success in doing so might constitute the basis for a modest form of “Bush revisionism.” The chapter also defines the concept of policy entrepreneurship, including the ability to connect three distinct streams: problems, policies, and politics. It then analyzes these three streams as they existed regarding US policy in Iraq by mid-2006, and describes how and why Bush was able to connect the three streams.

scholarly journals Parameter Modulation of Madden-Julian Oscillation Behaviors in BCC_CSM1.2: The Key Role of Moisture-Shallow Convection Feedback

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Huang ◽  
Hong-Li Ren ◽  
Xiangwen Liu ◽  
Pengfei Ren ◽  
Yuntao Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Latin Hypercube Sampling ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
New Strategy

To reveal key parameter-related physical mechanisms in simulating Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), seven physical parameters in the convection and cloud parameterization schemes of Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC_CSM1.2) are perturbed with Latin hypercube sampling method. A new strategy is proposed to select runs with good and poor MJO simulations among 85 generated ones. Outputs and parameter values from good and poor simulations are composited separately for comparison. Among the seven chosen parameters, a decreased value of precipitation efficiency for shallow convection, higher values of relative humidity threshold for low stable clouds and evaporation efficiency for deep convective precipitation are crucial to simulate a better MJO. Changes of the three parameters act together to suppress heavy precipitation and increase the frequency of light rainfall over the Indo-Pacific region, supplying more moisture in low and middle troposphere. As a result of a wetter lower troposphere ahead of the MJO main convection, the low-level moisture preconditioning along with the leading shallow convection tends to be enhanced, favorable for MJO’s further development and eastward propagation. The MJO’s further propagation across the Maritime Continent (MC) in good simulations is accompanied with more land precipitation dominated by shallow convection. Therefore, the above-mentioned three parameters are found to be crucial parameters out of the seven ones for MJO simulation, providing an inspiration for better MJO simulation and prediction with this model. This work is valuable as it highlights the key role of moisture-shallow convection feedback in the MJO dynamics.

scholarly journals Lipid Peroxidation-Mediated Inflammation Promotes Cell Apoptosis through Activation of NF-κB Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geng Yin ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xiao-min Cen ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Synovial Fibroblasts ◽  
Systemic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement ◽  
Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes ◽  
Initiation Of Therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of multiple joints. The central pathogenesis of RA is the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts in response to inflammatory cytokines. However, some of the targeted therapies for inflammation reactions do not display significant clinical improvement after initiation of therapy. Thus, the relationship between inflammatory responses and RA therapy is still incompletely understood. In the present study, we proposed to determine whether enhanced inflammations may lead to cell apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Our results indicated that products of lipid peroxidations, 4-HNE, may induce synovial intrinsic inflammations by activating NF-κB pathways and it may lead to cell apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activation may reduce the 4-HNE mediated inflammation responses and subsequent cell apoptosis. Our results may help to clarify the role of inflammations on RA development and imply that blocking NF-κB activation may be partly beneficial for human RA therapy. These findings might provide a mechanism-based rationale for developing new strategy to RA clinical therapy.

Law in Judicial Decision-Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Klein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Inquiry ◽  
New Strategy

Years of effort by many talented and creative scholars to gauge the influence of law on judicial decision-making have produced payoffs, but the payoffs do not seem commensurate with the work that has gone into producing them. After reviewing some of the most important approaches and findings, this chapter identifies key obstacles to progress and suggests a new strategy for making more headway against them. The strategy begins by recognizing that ultimately the questions driving empirical and theoretical inquiry into law’s influence are often less about law itself than about the propriety of judicial decision-making. The chapter concludes with suggestions for empirical questions to complement more familiar ones about the role of law in judges’ decisions.

Flexible Integration of Enterprise Resources Planning in the Case of Roumanian Public Reasearch and Development Strategy

2013 ◽  
Vol 436 ◽  
pp. 571-577
Author(s):  
Mircea Boşcoianu ◽  
Elena Corina Boscoianu
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Enterprise Resources Planning ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Flexible Integration

The modern development of research and development (R&D) is critical for Romania, an emerging country with smart people, scientists and entrepreneurs, especially in the actual context after the global crisis. In order to gain the desired performance in fundamental and applied R&D it is necessary to change the actual vision and to understand the importance of long term processes and the role of flexibility and adaptability to the movement of global markets. A new strategy for research and development (R&D) in Romania is necessary in the actual context, because it is very difficult to obtain the critical mass of resources and the processes of tranformation are difficult in the case of Romania. This research is also important because R&D is based on public funds and public organizations are typical isolated, dominated by an organizational fragmentation and the low caopability to adopt the technological progress. ERP systems represents a paradigm capable to sustain the Romania R&D strategy also because they represent the central element of the future e-governance architecture. That is why in the case of Romanian R&D strategy the integration of ERP should be consider in a special framework.

scholarly journals Processing of progranulin into granulins involves multiple lysosomal proteases and is affected in frontotemporal lobar degeneration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swetha Mohan ◽  
Paul J. Sampognaro ◽  
Andrea R. Argouarch ◽  
Jason C. Maynard ◽  
Anand Patwardhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Lysosomal Proteases ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Increased Activity

Abstract Background: Progranulin loss-of-function mutations are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP-Pgrn). Progranulin (PGRN) is an intracellular and secreted pro-protein that is proteolytically cleaved into individual granulin peptides, which are increasingly thought to contribute to FTLD-TDP-Pgrn disease pathophysiology. Intracellular PGRN is processed into granulins in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Therefore, to better understand the conversion of intracellular PGRN into granulins, we systematically tested the ability of different classes of endo-lysosomal proteases at a range of pH setpoints.Results: In vitro cleavage assays identified multiple enzymes that can process human PGRN into multi- and single-granulin fragments in a pH-dependent manner. We confirmed the role of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in PGRN processing and showed that these and several previously unidentified lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, G, K, S and V) are able to process PGRN in variable, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we have demonstrated a new role for asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in processing PGRN, with AEP having the unique ability to liberate granulin F from the pro-protein. Brain tissue from individuals with FTLD-TDP-Pgrn show increased PGRN processing to granulin F, correlating with increased activity of AEP, in a region-specific manner. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that multiple lysosomal proteases may work in concert to liberate granulins and implicates both AEP and granulin F in the neurobiology of FTLD-TDP-Pgrn. Modulating progranulin cleavage may represent a new strategy to modulate PGRN and granulin levels in disease.

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