scholarly journals The AI Methods, Capabilities and Criticality Grid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schmid ◽  
Wolfgang Hildesheim ◽  
Taras Holoyad ◽  
Kinga Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
Data Ethics ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Ethics Commission ◽  
Eu Commission ◽  
The Eu

AbstractMany artificial intelligence (AI) technologies developed over the past decades have reached market maturity and are now being commercially distributed in digital products and services. Therefore, national and international AI standards are currently being developed in order to achieve technical interoperability as well as reliability and transparency. To this end, we propose to classify AI applications in terms of the algorithmic methods used, the capabilities to be achieved and the level of criticality. The resulting three-dimensional classification scheme, termed the AI Methods, Capabilities and Criticality (AI-$$\hbox {MC}^2$$ MC 2 ) Grid, combines current recommendations of the EU Commission with an ethical dimension proposed by the Data Ethics Commission of the German Federal Government (Datenethikkommission der Bundesregierung: Gutachten. Berlin, 2019). As a whole, the AI-$$\hbox {MC}^2$$ MC 2 Grid allows not only to gain an overview of the implications of a given AI application as well as to compare efficiently different AI applications within a given market or implemented by different AI technologies. It is designed as a core tool to define and manage norms, standards and compliance of AI applications, but helps to manage AI solutions in general as well.

scholarly journals Hidden Continuities?: The Avatars of “Judicial Lustration” in Post-Communist Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209-1230
Author(s):  
Bogdan Iancu
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Reform ◽  
The Past ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Structural Resistance ◽  
Political Left ◽  
Communist Past ◽  
Legal Normativity ◽  
Intelligence Service ◽  
Eu Commission ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis Article grapples with the instrumentalization of the past in Romania, in the specific context of “judicial lustration” measures. It argues that decommunization and lustration policies, which could not be pursued in the immediate aftermath of the collapse of state socialism in 1989, were weaponized much later and used in order to advance other purposes. In 2006, an expedited judicial vetting procedure, in the context of the EU-driven fight against corruption, was repurposed by the center-right as a lustration instrument. In the same year, the dismantling of an intelligence service created after 1991 in the Justice Ministry (SIPA) to monitor ‘vulnerabilities’ in the justice system has set in motion a long series of failed attempts to bring closure to the question regarding the service’s archives, fomenting continuities of suspicion until today. More recently, in 2018, a form of ‘mock-judicial lustration’ has been used by the political left to deflect or at least delegitimize repressive anti-corruption policies. The new “lustration procedure” implicitly equated the recent cooperation between prosecutors and intelligence officers, in the context of the fight against corruption, with past practices of collusion between the members of the judiciary and the communist Securitate. These three episodes of ‘dealing with the past’ are reviewed in order to showcase path-dependencies. Such path-dependencies are not linked only with carryovers from or throwbacks to the communist past. Rather, pre- and post-communist deficiencies of modernization, combined more recently with gaps in post-accession monitoring by the EU Commission, create continuities of peripheral instrumentalism. Various narratives, such as decommunization, the fight against graft, judicial reform and the rule of law are used to legitimize short-term consequentialism, evincing a resilient, structural resistance to legislative and legal normativity.

A party for all seasons: Electoral adaptation of Romanian Communist successor parties

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigore Pop-Eleches
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Political ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
East European ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Communist Successor Parties ◽  
Electoral Performance

This article analyzes the reasons for the remarkable adaptability and electoral success of Communist successor parties in post-1990 Romania. The first part develops a three-dimensional classification scheme to identify Communist successor parties on the basis of their institutional, personnel and ideological continuity with the defunct Communist Party. The second section traces the political evolution of Communist successor parties, and argues that their remarkably strong and consistent electoral performance is primarily due to their ability to appeal to voters beyond the traditional base of East European ex-Communist parties on the left of the ideological spectrum. The final section uses survey data to suggest that the continued electoral appeal of Communist successor parties in Romania is due neither to Communist nostalgia or lack of democracy but to the complicated legacy of the Ceauşescu regime and the 1989 revolution.

The Bonner Spectral Atlas and Three-Dimensional Classification at Low Dispersions

1976 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
W. C. Seitter
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Late Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Composite Spectra ◽  
Peculiar Stars ◽  
Ap Stars

Work on the third part of the Bonner Spectral Atlas: Peculiar Stars has well progressed during the past year. Observations of the more than 200 stars – photographed with a dispersion of 240 Å mm−1 at Hγ on I-N plates – is nearing completion.The arrangement of the spectra will be as follows: 1.WR-stars2.O-stars Of sequence3.Peculiar B-type stars emission-line objects4.Ap-stars with various sequences: Cr-Mn-Hg-rare earths5.Asi-stars6.Am-stars7.Late-type peculiar stars Ba II, CH8.C-stars9.Late M-type stars10.S-stars11.Composite spectra12.Spectra with large rotational broadeningThe 12 groups are displayed on 40 plates, each with 6–8 objects. Stars of groups 8 to 10 will be presented with different exposures in order to facilitate the discovery of faint objects.Sample plates will be shown and discussed.

Mitochondrial Reconstructions Based on Serial Thick Sections and HVEM

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
Jerome J. Paulin
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Stereo Imaging ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Mitochondrial Reticulum

Within the past decade it has become apparent that HVEM offers the biologist a means to explore the three-dimensional structure of cells and/or organelles. Stereo-imaging of thick sections (e.g. 0.25-10 μm) not only reveals anatomical features of cellular components, but also reduces errors of interpretation associated with overlap of structures seen in thick sections. Concomitant with stereo-imaging techniques conventional serial Sectioning methods developed with thin sections have been adopted to serial thick sections (≥ 0.25 μm). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chondriome of several species of trypanosomatid flagellates have been made from tracings of mitochondrial profiles on cellulose acetate sheets. The sheets are flooded with acetone, gluing them together, and the model sawed from the composite and redrawn.The extensive mitochondrial reticulum can be seen in consecutive thick sections of (0.25 μm thick) Crithidia fasciculata (Figs. 1-2). Profiles of the mitochondrion are distinguishable from the anterior apex of the cell (small arrow, Fig. 1) to the posterior pole (small arrow, Fig. 2).

The past, present and future of food consumption databases

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (43) ◽  
pp. 1692-1700
Author(s):  
Viktória Szűcs ◽  
Erzsébet Szabó ◽  
Diána Bánáti
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
The Eu

Results of the food consumption surveys are utilized in many areas, such as for example risk assessment, cognition of consumer trends, health education and planning of prevention projects. Standardization of national consumption data for international comparison is an important task. The intention work began in the 1970s. Because of the widespread utilization of food consumption data, many international projects have been done with the aim of their harmonization. The present study shows data collection methods for groups of the food consumption data, their utilization, furthermore, the stations of the international harmonization works in details. The authors underline that for the application of the food consumption data on the international level, it is crucial to harmonize the surveys’ parameters (e.g. time of data collection, method, number of participants, number of the analysed days and the age groups). For this purpose the efforts of the EU menu project, started in 2012, are promising. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1692–1700.

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