Abstract. Viscous flow in ice is often described by the Glen flow law – a
non-Newtonian, power-law relationship between stress and strain rate with a
stress exponent n ∼ 3. The Glen law is attributed to
grain-size-insensitive dislocation creep; however, laboratory and field
studies demonstrate that deformation in ice can be strongly dependent on
grain size. This has led to the hypothesis that at sufficiently low
stresses, ice flow is controlled by grain boundary sliding, which explicitly incorporates the grain size dependence of ice rheology. Experimental studies
find that neither dislocation creep (n ∼ 4) nor grain boundary
sliding (n ∼ 1.8) have stress exponents that match the value of
n ∼ 3 in the Glen law. Thus, although the Glen law provides an
approximate description of ice flow in glaciers and ice sheets, its
functional form is not explained by a single deformation mechanism. Here we
seek to understand the origin of the n ∼ 3 dependence of the
Glen law by using the “wattmeter” to model grain size evolution in ice.
The wattmeter posits that grain size is controlled by a balance between the
mechanical work required for grain growth and dynamic grain size reduction.
Using the wattmeter, we calculate grain size evolution in two end-member
cases: (1) a 1-D shear zone and (2) as a function of depth within an
ice sheet. Calculated grain sizes match both laboratory data and ice core
observations for the interior of ice sheets. Finally, we show that
variations in grain size with deformation conditions result in an effective
stress exponent intermediate between grain boundary sliding and dislocation
creep, which is consistent with a value of n = 3 ± 0.5 over the range
of strain rates found in most natural systems.
Grain Size Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Nb, V–Nb, and Ti–Nb Boron Type S1100QL Steels