scholarly journals Kin Against Kin: Internal Co-selection and the Coherence of Kinship Typologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Passmore ◽  
Wolfgang Barth ◽  
Kyla Quinn ◽  
Simon J. Greenhill ◽  
Nicholas Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Design ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
Outstanding Question ◽  
Kinship Terminology ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAcross the world people in different societies structure their family relationships in many different ways. These relationships become encoded in their languages as kinship terminology, a word set that maps variably onto a vast genealogical grid of kinship categories, each of which could in principle vary independently. But the observed diversity of kinship terminology is considerably smaller than the enormous theoretical design space. For the past century anthropologists have captured this variation in typological schemes with only a small number of model system types. Whether those types exhibit the internal co-selection of parts implicit in their use is an outstanding question, as is the sufficiency of typologies in capturing variation as a whole. We interrogate the coherence of classic kinship typologies using modern statistical approaches and systematic data from a new database, Kinbank. We first survey the canonical types and their assumed patterns of internal and external co-selection, then present two data-driven approaches to assess internal coherence. Our first analysis reveals that across parents’ and ego’s (one’s own) generation, typology has limited predictive value: knowing the system in one generation does not reliably predict the other. Though we detect limited co-selection between generations, “disharmonic” systems are equally common. Second, we represent structural diversity with a novel multidimensional approach we term kinship space. This approach reveals, for ego’s generation, some broad patterning consistent with the canonical typology, but diversity (and mixed systems) is considerably higher than classical typologies suggest. Our results strongly challenge the descriptive adequacy of the set of canonical kinship types.

scholarly journals Methodical aspects of the montbeliarde breed gene pool in Ukraine creation

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
A. P. Krugliak ◽  
T. O. Krugliak ◽  
A. A. Kirii
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
The Past ◽  
Productivity Indices ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Individual Fixation ◽  
Selection Of

The methodical aspects of the Montbeliarde breed gene pool in Ukraine are presented. The evaluation and selection of animals was carried out on the basis of the dairy productivity and tribal value of the ancestors, the type of exteriors, the overall development of the body, the period of cohort, and also the parentage. Selected and brought 100 heads of the cows of the Monglereid breed. As a result of growth, development, the type of body structure, the animals corresponded to the standard of breed requirements and were pregnant for 3–4 months. The parents type productivity indices (ISU) was 98–147. More than 50% of them were ranked in the top 20 best breeders. The milk productivity of the heifers mathers on 305 days of the first lactation ranged from 5300 to 9100 kg of milk, with a fat content of 3.9–4.4% and a protein of 3.3–3.7%.Genealogical structure of the herd (100 cows and 64 heifers, which were obtained at the farm PLAE "Zhatkivske") is represented by 5 genealogical bloodlines. The most numerous is the bloodline Charmant – Ideal – Helios 15.421 (26 cows and 13 heifers). The Charvant sire was quite widely used in the breeding stock virtually of all bloodlines. This line is developed through the bulls Corail 3971002640, Cardian 7191071104106 and Isangrin 6393018001 (scheme 1). No less numerous is the Pirates 11,695 (25 caws and 6 heifers) bloodline, which has two powerful sublines: Novac 17136 and Tabarin 3967923962. The development of these independent branches continues through the bulls: Rhum 7080007171, Ezozo 0189014533 Martien 7176060311 Cantadou, Verglas 3984014417, Leguyer 7495022208, Bois Levin 0186006232.From the genealogical bloodline Oceano 11594 have been 23 caws selected, from which already 13 heifers were received. The bloodline has been developed through the bulls: Faucon 3990016792, Natif 3997030107, Oxalin 2598012281. Oxbou. Based on the old bloodline Ideal 9128, a new bloodline Osiris – Orkan 78315, is developed through the bulls: Lusignan, Jardin 2574010156, Tilleul 3912920526, Boulogne 7086000198 and represented by 15 individuals.The most numerous in the past century in the breed, the Bravo 12.571 bloodline has narrowed significantly and is currently developing only through the branch Debount 2572016541, his sons: Tafia 2582003300 and Tartars 7082004021 and their grandsons: Polichinel 2199011839, Maldini 1596099083 and others. At the moment, it's a disappearing bloodline, so the best bulls as Ezozo 0189014533, Bois Le Vin 0186006232 and the most promising bulls from Pirate 11.695 bloodline are used widely on the cows of this line. The farm brought 6 heavens of this line, from which 3 daughters were taken. In order to prevent the rapid growth of inbreeding, in recent years, in the breed used cross the most distant lines. The average expectation of 31 firstborns for 305 days of lactation in the PLAE "Zhatkivske" was 7298 (limits 6544–8839) kg.Thus, the breeding stock imported into the PLAE "Zhatkivskoe" is rather high-yielding and reflects the gene pool of the Monglereid breed. A plan for individual fixation, which is implemented in the herd, is developed to provide linear breeding, which in the complex forms the basis for the creation of the Monglereid breeder.

Bridging Media Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Weber ◽  
Allison Eden ◽  
Richard Huskey ◽  
J. Michael Mangus ◽  
Emily Falk
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Media Psychology ◽  
Intergroup Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Determinism ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. Media neuroscience has emerged as a new area of study at the intersection of media psychology and cognitive neuroscience. In previous work, we have addressed this trend from a methodological perspective. In this paper, we outline the progression of scholarship in systematic investigations of mass communication phenomena over the past century, from behaviorism and environmental determinism to biological and evolutionary paradigms. These new paradigms are grounded in an emergentist perspective on the nature of psychological processes. We discuss what it means to ask valid research questions in media neuroscience studies and provide recent examples in the areas of interpersonal and intergroup processes, morality, and narratives as well as in persuasion and health communication. We conclude with a selection of innovative methodological avenues that have the potential to accelerate the integration of cognitive neuroscience into media psychology research.

Acquiescence in English Law and the Customary Land Law of Ghana and Nigeria

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Land Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
English Law ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Different Characteristics

The courts in Ghana and Nigeria apply indigenous customary law in a large proportion of cases, particularly those involving family relationships or land. During the past century the courts have done much to clarify this law and adapt it to rapidly changing social conditions. One such adaptation is the subject of this article. The English doctrine of acquiescence has been imported to fill what appeared in new circumstances to be a deficiency in the customary land law. The doctrine had been used to perform functions different from those which it has performed and is performing in English land law. This article seeks to compare the different characteristics the doctrine has assumed in the three countries, and to draw some conclusions from the experience of Ghana and Nigeria.

Trajectories of linguistic variation: Emergence of a dialect

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Ann Lane
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rare Opportunity ◽  
Selection Of

Investigations into dialect emergence are most often based on data from manuscripts and on comparative and internal reconstructions. Seldom does the opportunity arise to monitor the selection of competing norms during the emergence stage because the data to postulate the linguistic marketplace (and hence to know what forms were likely to have been in competition) are unavailable. The case of dialect emergence in Thyborøn, Denmark, over the past century offers just this rare opportunity. A historical demographic profile from the town's census data, dating back to its inception in the 1890s, enables a comparative analysis of the input dialects and variable linguistic forms that were in competition. It is possible to trace the linguistic and social variables at play during the emergence stage of this new dialect, following the tradition of research by Omdal (1977), Dorian (1981), Trudgill (1986), and Kerswill (1994b), among others. The findings contribute to an explanatory model of dialect emergence and transformation.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in the Algorithmic Image, xCoAx Special Issue 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Rosemary Lee
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Image Production ◽  
Selection Of

The incorporation of algorithmic procedures into the automation of image production has been gradual, but has reached critical mass over the past century, especially with the advent of photography, the introduction of digital computers and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Due to the increasingly significant influence algorithmic processes have on visual media, there has been an expansion of the possibilities as to how images may behave, and a consequent struggle to define them. This algorithmic turnhighlights inner tensions within existing notions of the image, namely raising questions regarding the autonomy of machines, author- and viewer- ship, and the veracity of representations. In this sense, algorithmic images hover uncertainly between human and machine as producers and interpreters of visual information, between representational and non-representational, and between visible surface and the processes behind it. This paper gives an introduction to fundamental internal discrepancies which arise within algorithmically produced images, examined through a selection of relevant artistic examples. Focusing on the theme of uncertainty, this investigation considers how algorithmic images contain aspects which conflict with the certitude of computation, and how this contributes to a difficulty in defining images.

The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Angelo Andrianiaina ◽  
Santino Andry ◽  
Anecia Gentles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Human Infections

Seven zoonoses — human infections of animal origin — have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.

PCSK9 inhibition for LDL lowering and beyond – implications for patients with peripheral artery disease

VASA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Gebauer ◽  
Holger Reinecke
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibition

Abstract. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been proven to be a causal factor of atherosclerosis and, along with other triggers like inflammation, the most frequent reason for peripheral arterial disease. Moreover, a linear correlation between LDL-C concentration and cardiovascular outcome in high-risk patients could be established during the past century. After the development of statins, numerous randomized trials have shown the superiority for LDL-C reduction and hence the decrease in cardiovascular outcomes including mortality. Over the past decades it became evident that more intense LDL-C lowering, by either the use of highly potent statin supplements or by additional cholesterol absorption inhibitor application, accounted for an even more profound cardiovascular risk reduction. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a serin protease with effect on the LDL receptor cycle leading to its degradation and therefore preventing continuing LDL-C clearance from the blood, is the target of a newly developed monoclonal antibody facilitating astounding LDL-C reduction far below to what has been set as target level by recent ESC/EAS guidelines in management of dyslipidaemias. Large randomized outcome trials including subjects with PAD so far have been able to prove significant and even more intense cardiovascular risk reduction via further LDL-C debasement on top of high-intensity statin medication. Another approach for LDL-C reduction is a silencing interfering RNA muting the translation of PCSK9 intracellularly. Moreover, PCSK9 concentrations are elevated in cells involved in plaque composition, so the potency of intracellular PCSK9 inhibition and therefore prevention or reversal of plaques may provide this mechanism of action on PCSK9 with additional beneficial effects on cells involved in plaque formation. Thus, simultaneous application of statins and PCSK9 inhibitors promise to reduce cardiovascular event burden by both LDL-C reduction and pleiotropic effects of both agents.

Archaeology in the Past Century

1901 ◽  
Vol 51 (1309supp) ◽  
pp. 20976-20977
Author(s):  
W. M. Flinders Petrje
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
The Past

Integrated FAHP-VIKOR model for green supplier selection in a Nickle coating SME

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Sanatan Ratna ◽  
B Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Staff Training ◽  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Supplier Evaluation ◽  
Green Supplier Selection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Coating Industry ◽  
Sustainability Issue ◽  
Selection Of

In the past few decades, there has been lot of focus on the issue of sustainability. This has occurred due to the growing concerns related to climate change and the growing awareness about environmental concerns. Also, the competition at global level has led to the search for the most sustainable route in the industries. The current research work deals with the selection of green supplier in a Nickle coating industry based on certain weighted green attributes. For this purpose, a hybrid tool comprising of Fuzzy AHP (Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy) and VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) is used. The Fuzzy AHP is used for assigning proper weights to the selected criteria for supplier evaluation, while VIKOR is used for final supplier selection based on the weighted criteria. The three criterions for green supplier selection are, Ecological packaging, Corporate socio-environmental responsibility and Staff Training. The outcome of the integrated model may serve as a steppingstone to other SMEs in different sectors for selecting the most suitable supplier for addressing the sustainability issue.

Catholicism and Cosmopolitanism: the Confluence of Three Catholic Scholars and the Cosmopolitan Democrats on State Sovereignty and the Future of Global Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cosmopolitan Democracy ◽  
Catholic Tradition

One of the central questions in international relations today is how we should conceive of state sovereignty. The notion of sovereignty—’supreme authority within a territory’, as Daniel Philpott defines it—emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as a result of which the late medieval crisis of pluralism was settled. But recent changes in the international order, such as technological advances that have spurred globalization and the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect, have cast the notion of sovereignty into an unclear light. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current debate regarding sovereignty by exploring two schools of thought on the matter: first, three Catholic scholars from the past century—Luigi Sturzo, Jacques Maritain, and John Courtney Murray, S.J.—taken as representative of Catholic tradition; second, a number of contemporary political theorists of cosmopolitan democracy. The paper argues that there is a confluence between the Catholic thinkers and the cosmopolitan democrats regarding their understanding of state sovereignty and that, taken together, the two schools have much to contribute not only to our current understanding of sovereignty, but also to the future of global governance.

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