scholarly journals A Damage Scenario for the 2012 Northern Italy Earthquakes and Estimation of the Economic Losses to Residential Buildings

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Meroni ◽  
Thea Squarcina ◽  
Vera Pessina ◽  
Mario Locati ◽  
Marco Modica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Damage Scenario

scholarly journals A comparative survey of the impacts of extreme rainfall in two international case studies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Spekkers ◽  
Viktor Rözer ◽  
Annegret Thieken ◽  
Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis ◽  
Heidi Kreibich
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Biased Sampling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Damage Data

Abstract. Flooding is assessed as the most important natural hazard in Europe, causing thousands of deaths, affecting millions of people and accounting for large economic losses in the past decade. Little is known about the damage processes associated with extreme rainfall in cities, due to a lack of accurate, comparable and consistent damage data. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of extreme rainfall on residential buildings and how affected households coped with these impacts in terms of precautionary and emergency actions. Analyses are based on a unique dataset of damage characteristics and a wide range of potential damage explaining variables at the household level, collected through computer-aided telephone interviews (CATI) and an online survey. Exploratory data analyses based on a total of 859 completed questionnaires in the cities of Münster (Germany) and Amsterdam (the Netherlands) revealed that the uptake of emergency measures is related to characteristics of the hazardous event. In case of high water levels, more efforts are made to reduce damage, while emergency response that aims to prevent damage is less likely to be effective. The difference in magnitude of the events in Münster and Amsterdam in terms of rainfall intensity and water depth, is probably also the most important cause for the differences between the cities in terms of the suffered financial losses. Factors that significantly contributed to damage in at least one of the case studies are water contamination, the presence of a basement in the building and people's awareness of the upcoming event. Moreover, this study confirms conclusions by previous studies that people's experience with damaging events positively correlates with precautionary behaviour. For improving future damage data acquisition, we recommend to include cell-phones in a CATI survey to avoid biased sampling towards certain age groups.

‘Near miss’ housing market response to the 2012 northern Italy earthquake: The role of housing quality and risk perception

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802094349
Author(s):  
Marco Modica ◽  
Roberto Zoboli ◽  
Fabrizio Meroni ◽  
Vera Pessina ◽  
Thea Squarcina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Near Miss ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Market Response ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Damage Scenario

This paper examines the housing market response to the earthquake that hit northern Italy in May 2012. The available literature shows that the average price of houses decreases after a disaster because of the potential underestimation of disaster risk by households, or because of a higher risk perception in reaction to the unforeseen emergency. The physical assessment of the earthquake damage scenario provided in this paper (the so-called macro-seismic approach), combined with a difference-in-difference model with a multi-valued treatment, is able to extrapolate indirect information on the subjective perception of risk. We provide evidence that differences in costs and risk perceptions of the earthquake arise at high levels of damage. Furthermore, we also provide evidence that building characteristics, as well as the state of maintenance of houses, play a relevant role for subjective risk assessment, even though this assessment may be not related to the effective capacity of the buildings to resist earthquakes.

scholarly journals Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of urban traditional buildings in a heritage district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2221-2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina D'Ayala ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Yuan Yan ◽  
Helen Smith ◽  
Ashleigh Massam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Flood hazard is increasing in frequency and magnitude in major South East Asian metropolitan areas due to fast urban development and changes in climate, threatening people's property and life. Typically, flood management actions are mostly focused on large-scale defences, such as river embankments or discharge channels or tunnels. However, these are difficult to implement in town centres without affecting the value of their heritage districts and might not provide sufficient mitigation. Therefore, urban heritage buildings may become vulnerable to flood events, even when they were originally designed and built with intrinsic resilient measures, based on the local knowledge of the natural environment and its threats at the time. Their aesthetic and cultural and economic values mean that they can represent a proportionally high contribution to losses in any event. Hence it is worth investigating more localized, tailored mitigation measures. Vulnerability assessment studies are essential to inform the feasibility and development of such strategies. In this study we propose a multilevel methodology to assess the flood vulnerability and risk of residential buildings in an area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, characterized by traditional timber housing. The multiscale flood vulnerability model is based on a wide range of parameters, covering building-specific parameters, neighbourhood conditions and catchment area conditions. The obtained vulnerability index shows the ability to reflect different exposure by different building types and their relative locations. The vulnerability model is combined with high-resolution fluvial and pluvial flood maps providing scenario events with 0.1 % annual exceedance probability (AEP). A damage function of generic applicability is developed to compute the economic losses at individual building and sample levels. The study provides evidence that results obtained for a small district can be scaled up to the city level, to inform both generic and specific protection strategies.

scholarly journals Two New Sturgeon Species are Susceptible to Acipenser Iridovirus European (AcIV-E) Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Mugetti ◽  
Paolo Pastorino ◽  
Vasco Menconi ◽  
Margherita Messina ◽  
Loretta Masoero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Major Capsid Protein ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Russian Sturgeon ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
First Case ◽  
Sturgeon Species ◽  
Acipenser Stellatus

We report the first case of Acipenser iridovirus European (AcIV-E) infection in starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and in sterlet (A. ruthenus) reared in Northern Italy. During 2018, mortality began in A. stellatus and A. ruthenus specimens reared in co-habitation with Russian sturgeon positive for AcIV-E. Molecular analyses were done on the gills to amplify a fragment of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene using real-time PCR against AcIV-E. DNA of the positive samples was further sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed. The MCP gene sequences were highly similar to a virus previously identified in Italy (nucleotide identities between 99.38% and 99.69%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed our hypothesis of passage of the virus from the infected Russian sturgeon. The detection of AcIV-E in new species of the Acipenseridae family may impact on sturgeon production, with relevant economic losses.

scholarly journals Estimating stand-level economic impacts of black bear damage to intensively managed forests

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 758-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina N. Kline ◽  
Jimmy D. Taylor ◽  
Anita T. Morzillo
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Damage Scenario ◽  
Forest Growth Model ◽  
Intensively Managed

Black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) peel conifers in early spring to forage on energy-rich vascular tissues, resulting in damage to timber stands. The objective of our study was to develop and demonstrate a conceptual framework and methods for estimating stand-level volume and economic losses from black bear damage. We created tree lists from surveys of healthy and bear-damaged trees in timber stands of western Washington and Oregon. The forest growth model Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) was used to project stand volume under two damage scenarios and an undamaged scenario. One damage scenario (salvage) accounted for mortality and volume losses of fully and partially girdled trees; a second scenario (total loss) assumed complete loss of all trees peeled by black bears, regardless of peeling severity. The Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator (FRCS) was applied to estimate the value of logs delivered to the mill after accounting for logging and hauling costs associated with harvest. Present value of stands was calculated to translate volume losses into economic losses associated with bear damage. Economic losses ranged from 4% to 16% (salvage) and from 17% to 46% (total loss) of net present value. Our approach can be adapted for other forest settings and for forest management plans that assess wildlife damage.

Seismic Analysis of a Masonry Residential Building in Wenchuan Earthquake

2013 ◽  
Vol 405-408 ◽  
pp. 1961-1964
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhou ◽  
Bai Tao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Seismic Capacity ◽  
The Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Capacity Index ◽  
Intensity Region

The Wenchuan earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 (Beijing Time) caused great casualty and economic losses, a large number of masonry buildings were damaged in various degrees in this earthquake. The masonry residential buildings are widely used in China, and the study on them is significant. Although the masonry residential building discussed in this paper which was located in the highly intensity region was damaged severely, it hasnt collapsed and has very typical earthquake damage. The story comprehensive seismic capacity indexes are developed to anti-collapse capacity index which are used to calculate anti-collapse capacity of the building, and the results are also used for comparative analysis with the results calculated by means of structure vulnerability analysis. The earthquake resistant capacity of masonry residential buildings are discussed and analyzed. Finally, some reasonable suggestions on the seismic strengthening and reconstruction of this kind of building after disaster have been given.

scholarly journals Building and design defects observed in the residential sector and the types of damage observed in recent earthquakes in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 697-760
Author(s):  
M. Tolga Çöğürcü
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Van Earthquake ◽  
Soft Story ◽  
Short Columns ◽  
Concrete Quality ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Abstract. Turkey is situated in a very active earthquake region. In the last century, several earthquakes resulted in thousands of deaths and enormous economic losses. In 1999, the Marmara earthquake had an approximate death toll of more than 20 000, and in 2011, the Van earthquake killed 604 people. In general, Turkish residential buildings have reinforced concrete structural systems. These reinforced concrete structures have several deficiencies, such as low concrete quality, non-seismic steel detailing, and inappropriate structural systems including several architectural irregularities. In this study, the general characteristics of Turkish building stock and the deficiencies observed in structural systems are explained, and illustrative figures are given with reference to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 (TEC, 2007). The poor concrete quality, lack of lateral or transverse reinforcement in beam-column joints and column confinement zones, high stirrup spacings, under-reinforced columns and over-reinforced beams are the primary causes of failures. Other deficiencies include weak column-stronger beam formations, insufficient seismic joint separations, soft story or weak story irregularities and short columns. Similar construction and design mistakes are also observed in other countries situated on active earthquake belts. Existing buildings still have these undesirable characteristics, so to prepare for future earthquakes, they must be rehabilitated.

scholarly journals Seismic risk mapping for Germany

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tyagunov ◽  
G. Grünthal ◽  
R. Wahlström ◽  
L. Stempniewski ◽  
J. Zschau
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Return Period

Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess and map the seismic risk for Germany, restricted to the expected losses of damage to residential buildings. There are several earthquake prone regions in the country which have produced Mw magnitudes above 6 and up to 6.7 corresponding to observed ground shaking intensity up to VIII–IX (EMS-98). Combined with the fact that some of the earthquake prone areas are densely populated and highly industrialized and where therefore the hazard coincides with high concentration of exposed assets, the damaging implications from earthquakes must be taken seriously. In this study a methodology is presented and pursued to calculate the seismic risk from (1) intensity based probabilistic seismic hazard, (2) vulnerability composition models, which are based on the distribution of residential buildings of various structural types in representative communities and (3) the distribution of assets in terms of replacement costs for residential buildings. The estimates of the risk are treated as primary economic losses due to structural damage to residential buildings. The obtained results are presented as maps of the damage and risk distributions. For a probability level of 90% non-exceedence in 50 years (corresponding to a mean return period of 475 years) the mean damage ratio is up to 20% and the risk up to hundreds of millions of euro in the most endangered communities. The developed models have been calibrated with observed data from several damaging earthquakes in Germany and the nearby area in the past 30 years.

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