scholarly journals Building and design defects observed in the residential sector and the types of damage observed in recent earthquakes in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 697-760
Author(s):  
M. Tolga Çöğürcü
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Van Earthquake ◽  
Soft Story ◽  
Short Columns ◽  
Concrete Quality ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Abstract. Turkey is situated in a very active earthquake region. In the last century, several earthquakes resulted in thousands of deaths and enormous economic losses. In 1999, the Marmara earthquake had an approximate death toll of more than 20 000, and in 2011, the Van earthquake killed 604 people. In general, Turkish residential buildings have reinforced concrete structural systems. These reinforced concrete structures have several deficiencies, such as low concrete quality, non-seismic steel detailing, and inappropriate structural systems including several architectural irregularities. In this study, the general characteristics of Turkish building stock and the deficiencies observed in structural systems are explained, and illustrative figures are given with reference to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 (TEC, 2007). The poor concrete quality, lack of lateral or transverse reinforcement in beam-column joints and column confinement zones, high stirrup spacings, under-reinforced columns and over-reinforced beams are the primary causes of failures. Other deficiencies include weak column-stronger beam formations, insufficient seismic joint separations, soft story or weak story irregularities and short columns. Similar construction and design mistakes are also observed in other countries situated on active earthquake belts. Existing buildings still have these undesirable characteristics, so to prepare for future earthquakes, they must be rehabilitated.

scholarly journals Construction and design defects in the residential buildings and observed earthquake damage types in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Cogurcu
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Van Earthquake ◽  
Soft Story ◽  
Short Columns ◽  
Concrete Quality ◽  
Design Defects

Abstract. Turkey is situated in a very active earthquake region. In the last century, several earthquakes resulted in thousands of deaths and enormous economic losses. In 1999, the Kocaeli earthquake had an approximate death toll of more than 20 000, and in 2011 the Van earthquake killed 604 people. In general, Turkish residential buildings have reinforced concrete structural systems. These reinforced concrete structures have several deficiencies, such as low concrete quality, non-seismic steel detailing and inappropriate structural systems including several architectural irregularities. In this study, the general characteristics of Turkish building stock and the deficiencies observed in structural systems are explained, and illustrative figures are given with reference to the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. The poor concrete quality, lack of lateral or transverse reinforcement in beam–column joints and column confinement zones, high stirrup spacings, under-reinforced columns and over-reinforced beams are the primary causes of failures. Other deficiencies include weak-column–stronger-beam formations, insufficient seismic joint separations, soft-story or weak-story irregularities and short columns. Similar construction and design mistakes are also observed in other countries situated on active earthquake belts. Existing buildings still have these undesirable characteristics, and so to prepare for future earthquakes they must be rehabilitated.

THE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS IN TURKEY AND SELECTION OF THE STRUCTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (23) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Esra BOSTANCIOĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Framed Structures ◽  
Selection Of

Aim Building structures are assessed with several parameters such as cost, construction time, fire resistance, life cycle, maintenance and repair frequency, and environmental impacts. Building structures are reviewed as masonry, steel framed, wood framed, reinforced concrete framed, composite and prefabricated structures. This study aims to analyze the existing building stock of Turkey and assess the existing buildings in terms of their structural system decisions. Method: Following the comparative assessment of the types of structures based on literature review, assessment criteria for the selection of structural system are determined and a statistical analysis of the existing building stock in Turkey has been made in terms of the use of different structures. A questionnaire was prepared for the architects who decided the structural system in the design phase. Respondents evaluate the structural systems and selection criteria. Statistical analysis is made with the results of the survey. Findings: There is a clear preference for reinforced concrete framed structures in Turkey. A quantitative assessment of the structural systems in the existing buildings in Turkey by 2018 shows that 93.13% of the building stock has reinforced concrete framed. Looking at the individual years in the 2009 to 2018 period, the rate of preference of using reinforced concrete framed structures never went below 89% among all types of structures, but steel framed structure is the most preferred structural system at the end of the survey. Conclusion: It is thought-provoking that although different structures have different comparative advantages, structures other than reinforced concrete framed are preferred so little. The findings will contribute to making the right decision in building structure with the assessment of different structures in different aspects.

scholarly journals Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Urban Centers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Miguel Ferreira ◽  
Hugo Rodrigues ◽  
Romeu Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Buildings ◽  
Concrete Buildings ◽  
Soft Story ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Despite the recent advances in the analysis of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures, the assessment of large building inventories aimed at defining and prioritizing structural retrofitting strategies is still a technically challenging task. This paper aims to contribute to bridging this gap by presenting a simplified methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete buildings, which is then applied to a group of 91 buildings affected by recent earthquakes with different macroseismic intensities. The presented methodology is based on the evaluation of eight parameters associated with different factors that affect the seismic response of the building, namely its structural features, foundation conditions, and position within the urban mesh. The formulation of each parameter and the relative weight attributed to each one of them were defined on the basis of post-earthquake damage observation and expert opinion. After defined, the proposed methodology is applied to Faro city center. Based on the results obtained, a cost benefit analysis is made considering a strengthening solution to the buildings with soft-story irregularity.

Repair costs of reinforced concrete building components: from actual data analysis to calibrated consequence functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Del Vecchio ◽  
Marco Di Ludovico ◽  
Andrea Prota
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Computer Tools ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Concrete Building ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Simplified Procedures

Modern seismic design and the retrofitting of buildings necessarily need to account for expected economic losses. Available refined and simplified procedures implemented in automatic computer tools allow for probabilistic loss assessments. These mostly rely on consequence functions derived by simulating the repair actions needed to restore a component to its pre-earthquake condition. However, due to the lack of data, only a few studies have benchmarked theoretical loss assessments with actual repair costs monitored in the aftermath of earthquake events. This paper analyses the actual repair costs of a database of 120 reinforced concrete residential buildings damaged by the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy. The repair cost distributions and the correlation with observed earthquake damage are provided at the building and component levels. The repair costs of drift- and acceleration-sensitive components are also reported. This study outlines that repairing hollow clay brick infills and partitions that are typical of the Mediterranean construction standard constitutes the majority of total repair costs. Reliable consequence functions calibrated on actual cost data are proposed for different damage states.

A Novel Contribution for Resilient Buildings. Theoretical Fragility Curves: Interaction between Energy and Structural Behavior for Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Alessandra De Angelis ◽  
Fabrizio Ascione ◽  
Rosa Francesca De Masi ◽  
Maria Rosaria Pecce ◽  
Giuseppe Peter Vanoli
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Definition Of

The paper introduces a new semi-probabilistic methodology for the definition of energy fragility curves suitable for a macro-classification of building stock inspired to and coupled with the widely adopted method of seismic fragility curves. The approach is applied to the reinforced concrete residential buildings of the Italian stock. Starting from a classification according to the climatic zone and the construction period, some reference buildings in terms of building envelope typologies have been defined and simulated by means of dynamic modeling tools. Then, cumulative distributions of the probability that the primary energy consumption for heating was comparable with certain threshold values are defined according to the climatic conditions expressed with the heating degree days, which constitute the intensity measure for the fragility curves. Finally, by focusing on the interaction points between structural and energetic aspects, it is shown how these curves can be useful for decision-makers with regards to definition of importance and or the level of intervention to be made to the building envelope for improving its seismic safety and the energy quality. Indeed, non-integrated interventions are more expensive and less efficient.

Evaluation of a Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Structure Failed under its Own Weight due to Creep in Concrete

2013 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
Mevlut Yasar Kaltakci ◽  
Hasan Husnu Korkmaz ◽  
Mehmet Kamanli ◽  
Murat Ozturk ◽  
Musa Hakan Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structure ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Gravity Load ◽  
Moment Resisting ◽  
The One ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Turkish building stock is commonly composed of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. Recent earthquakes in Turkey resulted thousands of failed or heavily damaged residential houses and office buildings. In addition of the earthquake failures, reinforced concrete structures may also failed only under their own weight. There are several examples such as Hicret Apartment in Diyarbakir (1983), Zumrut Apartment in Konya, in central Anatolia, Huzur Apartment in Istanbul (2007). On February 2nd, 2004 a 9-story reinforced concrete building in Konya (Zumrut Apartment) collapsed leaving 92 people dead. The first author of the paper was governmentally charged about the investigation of the failure causes. Carrot samples were taken from the concrete columns and steel samples were obtained from the disaster area. The dimensions of the structural members were determined. The structure was modeled in three dimensional space and vertical collapse analyses were conducted. The one of the main cause of failure was determined as the creep of the concrete occurred in excessively loaded columns. The main reasons of the damages and failures were determined to be the insufficiency in material quality, mistakes made in load selection and the inappropriate load-carrying dimensions. The construction mistakes and not obeying the design drawings are the other flaws. In this paper detailed information about the structure, creep analyses and vertical collapse analyze results were depicted in understandable format.

scholarly journals Energy Retrofitting Opportunities Using Renewable Materials—Comparative Analysis of the Current Frameworks in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Darija Gajić ◽  
Slobodan Peulić ◽  
Tim Mavrič ◽  
Anna Sandak ◽  
Črtomir Tavzes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Eu Member States

Sustainable approaches for retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency are becoming necessary in a time when the building sector is the largest energy consumer. Retrofitting building stock is effective for reducing global energy consumption and decreasing resource exploitation. Less developed EU member states and neighboring developing countries show reluctance towards healthy and renewable materials. Implementation of sustainable materials for energy retrofitting is slowed down due to gaps in legislation and effective strategic programs, availability of bio-based materials, lack of knowledge regarding use and maintenance of renewable products, and marketing lobbies. Use of bio-based materials in refurbishment is important due to their negative or low global warming potential (GWP), low primary energy (PEI) need for production, cost-effective benefits, and recycling/reuse potential. Role of environmentally friendly solutions and low-carbon economy growth is particularly relevant in developing countries, such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, that cannot afford innovative energy recovery systems, yet possess a significant amount of poorly managed building stock. This research aims to analyze frameworks regarding retrofitting of residential buildings in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovenia. The analysis tackles indirect causes, studies the legal background, and examines strategic frameworks; thus, it indicates potential barriers for implementation of recommended retrofitting solutions based on renewable materials.

Energy models for cost-optimal analysis: Development and calibration of residential reference building models for Northern Cyprus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2110130
Author(s):  
Manta Marcelinus Dakyen ◽  
Mustafa Dagbasi ◽  
Murat Özdenefe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mean Bias Error ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Northern Cyprus

Ambitious energy efficiency goals constitute an important roadmap towards attaining a low-carbon society. Thus, various building-related stakeholders have introduced regulations targeting the energy efficiency of buildings. However, some countries still lack such policies. This paper is an effort to help bridge this gap for Northern Cyprus, a country devoid of building energy regulations that still experiences electrical energy production and distribution challenges, principally by establishing reference residential buildings which can be the cornerstone for prospective building regulations. Statistical analysis of available building stock data was performed to determine existing residential reference buildings. Five residential reference buildings with distinct configurations that constituted over 75% floor area share of the sampled data emerged, with floor areas varying from 191 to 1006 m2. EnergyPlus models were developed and calibrated for five residential reference buildings against yearly measured electricity consumption. Values of Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Cumulative Variation of Root Mean Squared Error CV(RMSE) between the models’ energy consumption and real energy consumption on monthly based analysis varied within the following ranges: (MBE)monthly from –0.12% to 2.01% and CV(RMSE)monthly from 1.35% to 2.96%. Thermal energy required to maintain the models' setpoint temperatures for cooling and heating varied from 6,134 to 11,451 kWh/year.

scholarly journals Sustainable Measures for Protection of Structures Against Earthquake Induced Liquefaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal S. P. Madabhushi ◽  
Samy Garcia-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Excess Pore Pressure ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Centrifuge Testing ◽  
Centrifuge Tests ◽  
Liquefiable Soil ◽  
Recent Earthquakes ◽  
Excess Pore Pressures ◽  
Excess Pore

AbstractSoil liquefaction can cause excessive damage to structures as witnessed in many recent earthquakes. The damage to small/medium-sized buildings can lead to excessive death toll and economic losses due to the sheer number of such buildings. Economic and sustainable methods to mitigate liquefaction damage to such buildings are therefore required. In this paper, the use of rubble brick as a material to construct earthquake drains is proposed. The efficacy of these drains to mitigate liquefaction effects was investigated, for the first time to include the effects of the foundations of a structure by using dynamic centrifuge testing. It will be shown that performance of the foundation in terms of its settlement was improved by the rubble brick drains by directly comparing them to the foundation on unimproved, liquefiable ground. The dynamic response in terms of horizontal accelerations and rotations will be compared. The dynamic centrifuge tests also yielded valuable information with regard to the excess pore pressure variation below the foundations both spatially and temporally. Differences of excess pore pressures between the improved and unimproved ground will be compared. Finally, a simplified 3D finite element analysis will be introduced that will be shown to satisfactorily capture the settlement characteristics of the foundation located on liquefiable soil with earthquake drains.

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