scholarly journals Diversity in Shade and Light Leaf Morphology in Beech Populations of South Rodopi Mountains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanos Boutsios ◽  
Amaryllis Vidalis ◽  
George C. Adamidis ◽  
Seraphim Hatziskakis ◽  
Georgios Varsamis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Direct Irradiation ◽  
Differentiation Pattern ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
East West ◽  
Leaf Morphological Traits

Abstract The size and shape of tree leaves and their variation within the canopy are the result of both physiological plasticity and an overall adaptive strategy against unfavourable environmental conditions. In this study, diversity patterns at leaf morphological traits will be described within and among populations of trees with different phylogenetic background. Beech (Fagus sp.) is a widespread tree in Eurasia, represented by two species; F. sylvatica in Europe and F. orientalis in eastern Europe and Asia. Both species appear in the Rodopi mountains, in southeast Balkans. Five beech populations were sampled in the southern slopes of Rodopi along a west–east gradient representing an established transitional zone between the two beech species. The diversity of six leaf traits was examined in shade leaves and leaves exposed to direct irradiation. Significant differences appeared among populations and among the two shading classes. Western beech populations consisted of trees with smaller leaves and fewer veins and were morphologically closer to F. sylvatica, while eastern populations seemed to be closer to F. orientalis. Shade leaves were constantly larger and less round than light leaves, probably due to different light harvesting strategies. The differences between populations were larger for shade leaves than for light leaves and presented a clear east–west trend, consistent to the differentiation pattern provided by previous genetic studies in the same region. Our results indicate that shade leaves probably maintain their size and shape independent from light irradiation and therefore may better express genetic differences among populations.

scholarly journals Effects of microhabitat on leaf traits in Digitalis grandiflora L. (Veronicaceae) growing at forest edge and interior

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-627
Author(s):  
J. Kołodziejek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Forest Interior ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shade Leaves

The morphological, anatomical and biochemical traits of the leaves of yellow foxglove (Digitalis grandiflora Mill.) from two microhabitats, forest interior (full shade under oak canopy) and forest edge (half shade near shrubs), were studied. The microhabitats differed in the mean levels of available light, but did not differ in soil moisture. The mean level of light in the forest edge microhabitat was significantly higher than in the forest interior. Multivariate ANOVA was used to test the effects of microhabitat. Comparison of the available light with soil moisture revealed that both factors significantly influenced the morphological and anatomical variables of D. grandiflora. Leaf area, mass, leaf mass per area (LMA), surface area per unit dry mass (SLA), density and thickness varied greatly between leaves exposed to different light regimes. Leaves that developed in the shade were larger and thinner and had a greater SLA than those that developed in the half shade. In contrast, at higher light irradiances, at the forest edge, leaves tended to be thicker, with higher LMA and density. Stomatal density was higher in the half-shade leaves than in the full-shade ones. LMA was correlated with leaf area and mass and to a lesser extent with thickness and density in the forest edge microsite. The considerable variations in leaf density and thickness recorded here confirm the very high variation in cell size and amounts of structural tissue within species. The leaf plasticity index (PI) was the highest for the morphological leaf traits as compared to the anatomical and biochemical ones. The nitrogen content was higher in the ?half-shade leaves? than in the ?shade leaves?. Denser leaves corresponded to lower nitrogen (N) contents. The leaves of plants from the forest edge had more potassium (K) than leaves of plants from the forest interior on an area basis but not on a dry mass basis; the reverse was true for phosphorus.

Geological environment of the Cigar Lake uranium deposit

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bruneton
Keyword(s):  
Uranium Deposit ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Uranium Deposits ◽  
Athabasca Basin ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Metamorphic Basement ◽  
Basement Ridge ◽  
Archean Basement ◽  
East West

The Cigar Lake uranium deposit occurs within the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Like other major uranium deposits of the basin, it is located at the unconformity separating Helikian sandstones of the Athabasca Group from Aphebian metasediments and plutonic rocks of the Wollaston Group. The Athabasca Group was deposited in an intra-continental sedimentary basin that was filled by fluviatile terrestrial quartz sandstones and conglomerates. The group appears undeformed and its actual maximum thickness is about 1500 m. On the eastern side of the basin, the detrital units correspond to the Manitou Falls Formations where most of the uranium deposits are located. The Lower Pelitic unit of the Wollaston Group, which lies directly on the Archean basement, is considered to be the most favourable horizon for uranium mineralization. During the Hudsonian orogeny (1800–1900 Ma), the group underwent polyphase deformation and upper amphibolite facies metamorphism. The Hudsonian orogeny was followed by a long period of erosion and weathering and the development of a paleoweathering profile.On the Waterbury Lake property, the Manitou Falls Formation is 250–500 m thick and corresponds to units MFd, MFc, and MFb. The conglomeratic MFb unit hosts the Cigar Lake deposit. However, the basal conglomerate is absent at the deposit, wedging out against an east–west, 20 m high, pre-Athabasca basement ridge, on top of which is located the orebody.Two major lithostructural domains are present in the metamorphic basement of the property: (1) a southern area composed mainly of pelitic metasediments (Wollaston Domain) and (2) a northern area with large lensoid granitic domes (Mudjatik Domain). The Cigar Lake east–west pelitic basin, which contains the deposit, is located in the transitional zone between the two domains. The metamorphic basement rocks in the basin consist mainly of graphitic metapelitic gneisses and calcsilicate gneisses, which are inferred to be part of the Lower Pelitic unit. Graphite- and pyrite-rich "augen gneisses," an unusual facies within the graphitic metapelitic gneisses, occur primarily below the Cigar Lake orebody.The mineralogy and geochemistry of the graphitic metapelitic gneisses suggest that they were originally shales. The abundance of magnesium in the intercalated carbonates layers indicates an evaporitic origin.The structural framework is dominated by large northeast–southwest lineaments and wide east–west mylonitic corridors. These mylonites, which contain the augen gneisses, are considered to be the most favourable features for the concentration of uranium mineralization.Despite the presence of the orebody, large areas of the Waterbury Lake property remain totally unexplored and open for new discoveries.

Interspecific covariation between stomatal density and other functional leaf traits in a local flora

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessy Loranger ◽  
Bill Shipley
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
Leaf Trait ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves

Despite the importance of stomata in leaf functioning, and despite the recent interest in interspecific leaf trait covariation in functional ecology, little is known about how stomatal density relates to other leaf traits in a broad interspecific context. This is especially important because stomatal density has been widely used to deduce temporal variation in atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2atm] from fossilized or herbarium leaves. We therefore measured stomatal density, specific leaf area (SLA) and its components, leaf thickness, and leaf chlorophyll content in both sun and shade leaves of 169 individuals from 52 angiosperm species in southwestern Quebec. Using mixed models, we show that stomatal density decreases allometrically with increasing SLA and chlorophyll content, and increases allometrically with increasing lamina thickness. The sun–shade contrast changes the intercepts, but not the slopes, of these relationships. It is important to take into consideration these relations when correlating stomatal density with [CO2], to avoid spurious interpretations.

scholarly journals An automated, high-throughput image analysis pipeline enables genetic studies of shoot and root morphology in carrot (Daucus carota L.)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah D. Turner ◽  
Shelby L. Ellison ◽  
Douglas A. Senalik ◽  
Philipp W. Simon ◽  
Edgar P. Spalding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Analysis Pipeline ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Size And Shape

AbstractCarrot is a globally important crop, yet efficient and accurate methods for quantifying its most important agronomic traits are lacking. To address this problem, we developed an automated analysis platform that extracts components of size and shape for carrot shoots and roots, which are necessary to advance carrot breeding and genetics. This method reliably measured variation in shoot size and shape, leaf number, petiole length, and petiole width as evidenced by high correlations with hundreds of manual measurements. Similarly, root length and biomass were accurately measured from the images. This platform quantified shoot and root shapes in terms of principal components, which do not have traditional, manually-measurable equivalents. We applied the pipeline in a study of a six-parent diallel population and an F2 mapping population consisting of 316 individuals. We found high levels of repeatability within a growing environment, with low to moderate repeatability across environments. We also observed co-localization of quantitative trait loci for shoot and root characteristics on chromosomes 1, 2, and 7, suggesting these traits are controlled by genetic linkage and/or pleiotropy. By increasing the number of individuals and phenotypes that can be reliably quantified, the development of a high-throughput image analysis pipeline to measure carrot shoot and root morphology will expand the scope and scale of breeding and genetic studies.

scholarly journals Leaf functional trait variation in a humid temperate forest, and relationships with juvenile tree light requirements

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Lusk
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Leaf Lifespan ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Shade Leaves

The species-rich arborescent assemblages of humid tropical forests encompass much of the known range of the leaf economics spectrum, often including >20-fold variation in leaf lifespan. This suite of traits underpins a life-history continuum from fast-growing pioneers to slow-growing shade-tolerant species. Less is known about the range of leaf traits in humid temperate forests, and there are conflicting reports about relationships of these traits with the light requirements of temperate evergreen angiosperms. Here I quantify the range of leaf functional traits in a New Zealand temperate evergreen forest, and relationships of these traits with light requirements of juvenile trees and shrubs. Foliage turnover of saplings of 19 evergreen angiosperms growing beneath gaps (12–29% canopy openness) and in understories (1.2–2.9%) was measured over 12 months. Dry mass per area (LMA), dry matter content, thickness, density and nitrogen content (N) of leaves were also measured. Species minimum light requirements were indexed as the 10th percentile of the distribution of saplings in relation to canopy openness. Interspecific variation of leaf lifespan was ∼6-fold in gaps (0.6 to 3.8 yrs), and ∼11-fold in the understorey (0.7 to 7.7 yrs). Six small tree and shrub species are effectively leaf-exchangers, with leaf lifespans of c.1 year in gaps—albeit usually longer in the shade. Interspecific variation in other leaf traits was 2.5 to 4-fold. Lifespans and LMA of both sun and shade leaves were negatively correlated with species light requirements i.e., positively correlated with shade tolerance. However, light environment (gap vs shade) explained about the same amount of variation in LMA as species’ identity did. Species light requirements were not significantly correlated with leaf N, dry matter content, density or thickness—except for a marginally significant correlation with dry matter content of shade leaves. Species light requirements were thus less consistently related to leaf structural traits than appears to be the case in humid tropical forests. Whereas the wide interspecific variation in leaf economic traits of tropical rainforest species outweighs plastic response to light availability, temperate evergreen woody angiosperms appear to occupy a narrower range of the leaf economic spectrum. Standardization of the light environments in which LMA is measured is vital in comparative studies of humid temperate forest evergreens, because of countergradient responses of this trait to light, and because of the relative magnitudes of plastic and interspecific variation in LMA in these forests.

A common boundary between distinct northern and southern morphotypes in two unrelated Tasmanian rainforest species

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Barnes ◽  
Gregory J. Jordan ◽  
Robert S. Hill ◽  
Colin J. McCoull
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Common Boundary ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Anthropogenic Fire ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
East West ◽  
Leaf Morphological Traits

The variation in selected leaf morphological traits was examined across the geographic ranges of two Tasmanian rainforest species, Tasmannia lanceolata (Poiret) A.C.Smith and Eucryphia milliganii Hook.f. Comparisons of field- and glasshouse-grown plants for both species showed that there is strong genetic control of all the morphological characters measured. Two distinct morphotypes, occupying similar areas of Tasmania, were identified in each species. The geographic boundary between the morphotypes is similar in both species and runs more or less east–west, separating each species into northern and southern forms. Southern E. milliganii differs from the northern form in having ovate leaves with dense marginal trichomes and a pubescent abaxial leaf lamina. A new subspecies, E. milliganii ssp. pubescens, is described to encompass this intra-specific variation in southern Tasmania. Southern T. lanceolata has encrypted stomata, contrasting with the superficial stomata of the northern form, but is not considered sufficiently different to warrant separate taxonomic status. The boundary is difficult to explain in terms of modern environmental factors. A past period of significantly different climate from the present, perhaps combined with anthropogenic fire regimes, may have enabled allopatric differentiation within each species.

scholarly journals Ladakh and Zanskar

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Zgorzelski
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Landscape Diversity ◽  
Vertical Zonation ◽  
The North ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Himalayan Mountain ◽  
Mountain Chain ◽  
East West

Abstract The Himalayan mountain chain is orographically fragmented, both in the east-west and in the north-south directions. The latter area is characterised by a greater landscape diversity, owing to its zonality and the vertical zonation of both climate and vegetation. In terms of tectonics and orography, and taking into account the prevalent influence of the monsoon and continental climates, the Himalayan mountain system can be divided into two parts – the external arc (southern), that is the Higher (or Great) Himalayas and the internal arc (northern), that is the so-called Trans-Himalayas. Similarly to the external arc of the Himalayas, the post-glacial relief in the Trans-Himalayas is marginal only. It is an area with a prevalence of denudation (nival, frost, gravitation and eolian) processes. Slopes of tectonic valleys or basins, covered with colourful surface deposits rising as high as even two thirds of their altitude, dominate the landscape. The Zanskar ridges and the Ladakh range represent a transitional zone between the Trans-himalayas and Eastern Karakoram.

scholarly journals Intraspecific trait variability and genetic diversity in the adaptive strategies of serpentine and non-serpentine populations of Silene paradoxa L.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Lazzaro ◽  
Ilaria Colzi ◽  
Daniele Ciampi ◽  
Cristina Gonnelli ◽  
Lorenzo Lastrucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Serpentine Soils ◽  
Intraspecific Trait Variation ◽  
Edaphic Conditions ◽  
Silene Paradoxa

Abstract Aims We investigated whether individuals of Silene paradoxa L., grown in serpentine and non-serpentine soils, displayed variation in functional traits and adaptive strategies together with a differentiation of the gene pool. We hypothesised that individuals growing in serpentine sites may be exposed to a higher degree of stress, resulting in measurable differences in leaf traits and adaptive strategies, and as well that the differences in the soil type were associated with a genetic process of differentiation. Methods We analysed a specific set of leaf functional traits of populations of S. paradoxa grown on serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Furthermore, DNA-fingerprinting techniques were used to further dissect the emergence of genetic processes of differentiation linked to the different soil types. Results We detected a relevant intraspecific trait variation in S. paradoxa, with the populations from serpentine sites significantly polarised towards the stress-tolerant adaptive strategy. This polarisation came with a shift in gene pool selection, even if we did not detect quantitative differences in the genetic diversity or evidence of genetic drift. Conclusions The results indicate that particular edaphic conditions acted on the selection of some regions of the species’ genome, independently of the site, with various portions of the genome being exclusive to or prevalent in the serpentine or non-serpentine populations.

Newly developed SNP markers related to genes for leaf morphological traits and disease resistance in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. S62-S64
Author(s):  
Yul-Kyun Ahn ◽  
Young-Il Cho ◽  
Swati Tripathi ◽  
Do-Sun Kim ◽  
Jeong-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
High Resolution Melt ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Leaf Morphological Traits

Based on the sequences of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, we carried out a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) study for genes controlling disease resistance (clubroot, turnip mosaic virus and soft rot) and leaf traits in B. rapa leafy genotypes ‘VC40’ and ‘SR5’. In total, 7645 SNP markers were obtained based on the annotation of a B. rapa database for disease resistance. Among these 7645 SNP markers, 141 were related to 125 genes linked to leaf traits. From these 141 SNP markers, 63 were screened and High Resolution Melt (HRM) primers were designed for genomic studies. A total of 20 polymorphic SNP primers were finally obtained. Eventually, these markers will be further used for the detection of quantitative trait loci and mapping studies.

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