scholarly journals Ladakh and Zanskar

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Zgorzelski
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Landscape Diversity ◽  
Vertical Zonation ◽  
The North ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Himalayan Mountain ◽  
Mountain Chain ◽  
East West

Abstract The Himalayan mountain chain is orographically fragmented, both in the east-west and in the north-south directions. The latter area is characterised by a greater landscape diversity, owing to its zonality and the vertical zonation of both climate and vegetation. In terms of tectonics and orography, and taking into account the prevalent influence of the monsoon and continental climates, the Himalayan mountain system can be divided into two parts – the external arc (southern), that is the Higher (or Great) Himalayas and the internal arc (northern), that is the so-called Trans-Himalayas. Similarly to the external arc of the Himalayas, the post-glacial relief in the Trans-Himalayas is marginal only. It is an area with a prevalence of denudation (nival, frost, gravitation and eolian) processes. Slopes of tectonic valleys or basins, covered with colourful surface deposits rising as high as even two thirds of their altitude, dominate the landscape. The Zanskar ridges and the Ladakh range represent a transitional zone between the Trans-himalayas and Eastern Karakoram.

Phytogeography of the tropical north-east African mountains

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Friis
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The South ◽  
East African ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Mountain Chain ◽  
The Individual

The tropical north-east African mountains are tentatively divided into four phytochoria, the formal rank of which is not defined. The division is based on patterns of distribution and endemism in the region. The recognition of a distinct Afromontane phytochorion is now well established (Chapman White, 1970; Werger, 1978; White, 1978). However, there is still very little information on the phytogeography of the individual mountains or mountain systems. This study hopes to fill a little of the gap by analysing distribution patterns and patterns of endemism in the flora of the tropical north-east African mountains. The north-east African mountain system is the largest in tropical Africa (see e.g. map in White, 1978). At the core of this system is the large Ethiopian massif, around which are located various mountains and mountain chains. These include the Red Sea Hills in the Sudan, the mountain chain in northern Somalia, the south-west Arabian mountains, and the Imatong mountains of south-east Sudan. The latter are often referred to the East African mountain system (White, 1978) but. as I will point out later, they also have a close connection with the south-west highlands of Ethiopia. The paper presents some results of my study of the mountain flora of tropical north-east Africa, particularly the forest species. Where no source is indicated, the data are from my own unpublished studies.

scholarly journals Avian Diversity in the Himalayas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhananjai Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Himalayan Mountain ◽  
Mountain Chain

The Indian Himalayan mountain region is globally renowned for biological diversity. The Himalayan mountain system contributes 10% of the world bird’s species and about 8% of the world’s bird species breed in this region. However, bird species are not evenly distributed from East to West Himalayan region; various factors are responsible for bird’s diversity gradient seen in this mountain chain. The present article is briefing on the bird’s species diversity patterns in the Indian Himalayan region and is largely based on the work carried out under Wildlife Institute of India and University of Chicago collaborative research work titled ‘Study of bird species numbers and densities in east and west Himalayas’ and has already been published in many research papers.

scholarly journals A Low frequency Southern Sky Survey Using the Mauritius Radio Telescope

2002 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
N. Udaya Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Radio Telescope ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fourier Synthesis ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
Correlation Receiver ◽  
Complex Correlation ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
East West

The Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT) is a Fourier synthesis instrument which has been built to fill the gap in the availability of deep sky surveys at low radio frequencies in the southern hemisphere. It is situated in the north-east of Mauritius at a southern latitude of 20°.14 and an eastern longitude of 57°.73. The aim of the survey with the MRT is to contribute to the database of southern sky sources in the declination range −70° ≤ δ ≤ −10°, covering the entire 24 hours of right ascension, with a resolution of 4' × 4'.6sec(δ + 20.14°) and a point source sensitivity of 200 mJy (3σ level) at 151.5 MHz.MRT is a T-shaped non-coplanar array consisting of a 2048 m long East-West arm and a 880 m long South arm. In the East-West arm 1024 fixed helices are arranged in 32 groups and in the South arm 16 trolleys, with four helices on each, which move on a rail are used. A 512 channel, 2-bit 3-level complex correlation receiver is used to measure the visibility function. At least 60 days of observing are required for obtaining the visibilities up to the 880 m spacing. The calibrated visibilities are transformed taking care of the non-coplanarity of the array to produce an image of the area of the sky under observation.This paper will describe the telescope, the observations carried out so far, a few interesting aspects of imaging with this non-coplanar array and present results of a low resolution survey (13' × 18') covering roughly 12 hours of right ascension, and also present an image with a resolution of 4' × 4'.6sec(δ + 20.14°) made using the telescope.

scholarly journals Optimal design of the solar tracking system of parabolic trough concentrating collectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-619
Author(s):  
Li Kong ◽  
Yunpeng Zhang ◽  
Zhijian Lin ◽  
Zhongzhu Qiu ◽  
Chunying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Parabolic Trough ◽  
The North ◽  
Tracking Mode ◽  
Solar Tracking ◽  
East West

Abstract The present work aimed to select the optimum solar tracking mode for parabolic trough concentrating collectors using numerical simulation. The current work involved: (1) the calculation of daily solar radiation on the Earth’s surface, (2) the comparison of annual direct solar radiation received under different tracking modes and (3) the determination of optimum tilt angle for the north-south tilt tracking mode. It was found that the order of solar radiation received in Shanghai under the available tracking modes was: dual-axis tracking > north-south Earth’s axis tracking > north-south tilt tracking (β = 15°) > north-south tilt tracking (β = 45) > north-south horizontal tracking > east-west horizontal tracking. Single-axis solar tracking modes feature simple structures and low cost. This study also found that the solar radiation received under the north-south tilt tracking mode was higher than that of the north-south Earth’s axis tracking mode in 7 out of 12 months. Therefore, the north-south tilt tracking mode was studied separately to determine the corresponding optimum tilt angles in Haikou, Lhasa, Shanghai, Beijing and Hohhot, respectively, which were shown as follows: 18.81°, 27.29°, 28.67°, 36.21° and 37.97°.

The mineralogical composition of some Scottish soils

1925 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hendrick ◽  
George Newlands
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
East West ◽  
Made In

1. Previous investigations showed that certain Scottish soils were of glacial drift origin, that they were comparatively rich in unweathered silicates and therefore in reserves of plant-food, that they showed considerable variation in such silicates and were capable of classification accordingly. Some indication was also shown that the glacial drift, and hence the resulting soil, was sometimes of local origin, its character being determined by the underlying rock. In the present investigation a more extensive survey of Scottish soils has been made in order to discover to what extent these preliminary findings might be applicable generally.2. For this purpose soils have been collected from various localities in the north, north-east, west and south of Scotland, and have been analysed mechanically and the “fine sand” fraction examined mineralogically.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Super High-rise Buildings using GB-RAR: A Case Study of the WGC under Construction, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lv Zhou ◽  
Jiming Guo ◽  
Xuelin Wen ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Fei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
East West

Accurate dynamic characteristics of super high-rise buildings serve as a guide in their construction and operation. Ground-based real aperture radar (GB-RAR) techniques have been applied in monitoring and analyzing the dynamic characteristics of different buildings, but only few studies have utilized them to derive the dynamic characteristics of super high-rise buildings, especially those higher than 400 m and under construction. In this study, we proposed a set of technical methods for monitoring and analyzing the dynamic characteristics of super high-rise buildings based on GB-RAR and wavelet analysis. A case study was conducted on the monitoring and analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the Wuhan Greenland Center (WGC) under construction (5–7 July 2017) with a 636 m design height. Displacement time series was accurately derived through GB-RAR and wavelet analysis, and the accuracy reached the submillimeter level. The maximum horizontal displacement amplitudes at the top of the building in the north–south and east–west directions were 18.84 and 15.94 mm, respectively. The roof displacement trajectory of the WGC was clearly identified. A certain negative correlation between the temperature and displacement changes at the roof of the building was identified. Study results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for the dynamic monitoring and analysis of super high-rise buildings with noninvasive and nondestructive characteristics.

scholarly journals Comparison of Buoy-Mounted and Bottom-Moored ADCP Performance at Gray’s Reef

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey E. Seim ◽  
Catherine R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
National Data ◽  
Noise Floor ◽  
The North ◽  
Experimental Configuration ◽  
Adcp Measurements ◽  
Adcp Data ◽  
Adcp Observations ◽  
East West

Abstract Simultaneous ADCP profile measurements are compared over a 2-month period in late 2003. One set of measurements comes from a National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy-mounted ADCP, the other from a bottom-mounted, upward-looking ADCP moored roughly 500 m from the buoy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the proficiency of an experimental configuration by NDBC; unfortunately, the ADCP was not optimally configured. The higher temporally and vertically resolved bottom-mounted ADCP data are interpolated in time and depth to match the buoy-mounted ADCP measurements. It is found that the two ADCP measurements are significantly different. The buoy-mounted measurements are affected by high-frequency (<10 h period) noise that is vertically coherent throughout the profiles. This noise results in autospectra that are essentially white, unlike the classic red spectra formed from the bottom-mounted ADCP observations. The spectra imply a practical noise floor of 0.045 m s−1 for the buoy-mounted system. Contamination by surface waves is the likely cause of this problem. At tidal frequencies the buoy-mounted system underestimates major axis tidal current magnitude by 10%–40%; interference from the buoy chain and/or fish or plankton are considered the most likely cause of the bias. The subtidal velocity field (periods greater than 40 h) is only partially captured; the correlation coefficient for the east–west current is 0.49 and for the north–south current is 0.64.

scholarly journals The Historical and Psychological Significance of the Unorganized Games of New Zealand Primary School Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brian Sutton-Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Small Group ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
The North ◽  
Psychological Significance ◽  
East And West ◽  
Recurrent Motifs ◽  
East West

<p>In the Spring of 1948 while teaching at a primary school, I observed a small group of girls playing a game called "Tip the Finger". During the game one of the players chanted the following rhyme: "Draw a snake upon your back And this is the way it went North, South, East, West, Who tipped your finger?" I recognized immediately and with some surprise that this rhyme contained elements which were not invented by the children and were probably of some antiquity. I knew, for example, though only in a vague and unlearned manner, that the four pattern of the North, South, East and West and the Snake symbolism were recurrent motifs in mythology and folklore. I was aware also that there did not exits any specialized attempt to explain the part that games of this nature played in the lives of the players.</p>

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF KARAKORAM SEQUENCE, HUNZA VALLEY NE PAKISTAN: EVIDENCES FROM FIELD MAPPING AND MICRO-ANALYTICAL WORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
S. S. Baig ◽  
C. Xue ◽  
Masroor Alam ◽  
Naeem Ullah ◽  
M. Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Metamorphic Complex ◽  
Field Mapping ◽  
The North ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Analysis ◽  
East West

The Karakoram metamorphic Complex (KMC) in the southern Karakoram block is one of the best examples of Barrovian type metamorphism that comprises numerous exhumed metapelite units where a series of low to high grade (green schist to sillimanite facie) rocks are exposed. This sequence shows a complex polyphase history of metamorphism and deformation which offer deeper understanding of collision orogeny. Karakoram metamorphic Complex contains metapelites, meta-carbonates, meta-igneous and amphibolite layers, cross-cut by granite sheets in the northern part. This complex is bounded to the north by the Hunza plutonic unit which is the central portion of the massive east-west trending Karakoram axial batholith and to the southwest by the Main Karakoram thrust (MKT). In this contribution, we provide detail geological mapping, petrography, geochemistry and micro-analytical work using Electron Prob-micro analysis in the central Hunza Valley.

scholarly journals The length of coastlines in Ptolemy's Geography and in ancient periploi

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Shcheglov
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
True Value ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Erroneous Estimate ◽  
Remarkable Agreement ◽  
East West

Abstract. The lengths of the coastlines in Ptolemy's Geography are compared with the corresponding values transmitted by other ancient sources, presumably based on some lost periploi (literally "voyages around or circumnavigations", a genre of ancient geographical literature describing coastal itineraries). The comparison reveals a remarkable agreement between them, suggesting that Ptolemy relied much more heavily on these or similar periploi than it used to be thought. Additionally, a possible impact of Ptolemy's erroneous estimate of the circumference of the Earth is investigated. It is argued that this error resulted in two interrelated distortions of the coastal outlines in Ptolemy's Geography. First, the north–south stretches of the coast that were tied to particular latitudes are shown compressed relative to the distances recorded in other sources in roughly the same proportion to which Ptolemy's circumference of the Earth is underestimated relative to the true value. Second, in several cases this compression is compensated by a proportional stretching of the adjacent east–west coastal segments. In particular, these findings suggest a simple explanation for the strange shape of the Caspian Sea in Ptolemy's Geography.

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