Study on ultrasonic bonding characteristics of semi-solid Al6061

: According to the drug discovery, approximately 40% of the new chemical entities show poor bioavailability due to their low aqueous solubility. In order to increase the solubility of the drugs, self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are considered as an ideal technology for enhancing the permeability of poorly soluble drugs in GI membranes. The SMEDDS are also generally used to enhance the oral bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs. At present, most of the self-microemulsion drugs are liquid dosage forms, which could cause some disadvantages, such as the low bioavailability of the traditional liquid SMEDDS. Therefore, solid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) have emerged widely in recent years, which were prepared by solidifying a semi-solid or liquid self-emulsifying (SE) ingredient into a powder in order to improve stability, treatment and patient compliance. The article gives a comprehensive introduction of the study of SMEDDS which could effectively tackle the problem of the water-insoluble drug, especially the development of solidification technology of SMEDDS. Finally, the present challenges and the prospects in this field were also discussed.

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Routes for salmonella contamination of poultry meat: epidemiological study from hatchery to slaughterhouse

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268802007380 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 129 (2) ◽

pp. 253-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

M. HEYNDRICKX ◽

D. VANDEKERCHOVE ◽

L. HERMAN ◽

I. ROLLIER ◽

K. GRIJSPEERDT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Solid Agar ◽

Determining Factors ◽

Production Stages ◽

Animal Material ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Therapeutic Doses ◽

Broiler House

Data were collected on the prevalence of salmonella at different stages during the life cycle of 18 broiler flocks on different farms as well as during slaughter in different poultry slaughterhouses. For the isolation of salmonella, the highest sensitivity (93.9%) was obtained by enrichment in the semi-solid agar Diasalm. The ‘overshoe method’ utilizing several pairs of overshoes provided the highest sensitivity for determining the salmonella status of the broilers during rearing. A clear decrease of the relative importance of the first production stages was demonstrated for the salmonella contamination of the end product, whereas horizontal transmission of salmonella to broilers during rearing and to broiler carcasses in the slaughterhouse was shown to be the main determinative factor. Ten of the 18 flocks received a salmonella positive status with the highest shedding occurring during the first 2 weeks of rearing. The shedding of the animals was significantly negatively influenced by the use of subtherapeutic or therapeutic doses of antibiotics. The intake of portable material in the broiler house was identified as the most important risk factor for horizontal transmission. Significant associations were found between the contamination level of a flock and hygiene of the broiler house, feed and water in the broiler house and both animal and non-animal material sampled in the environment. No correlation was found between contamination during the rearing period and contamination found after slaughtering. The presence of faecal material in the transport crates and predominantly the identity of the slaughterhouse seemed to be the determining factors for carcass quality. Improved hygiene management during transport of broilers and in some slaughterhouses could significantly reduce the risk of salmonella contamination of poultry meat.

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Site preference and atomic ordering in the ternary Rh5Ga2As: first-principles calculations

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials ◽

10.1515/zkri-2021-2019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Nilanjan Roy ◽

Sucharita Giri ◽

Harshit ◽

Partha P. Jana

Keyword(s):

Total Energy ◽

First Principles ◽

Density Functional ◽

Structure Type ◽

Site Preference ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Atomic Ordering ◽

Functional Theory ◽

The Stability ◽

Bonding Characteristics

Abstract The site preference and atomic ordering of the ternary Rh5Ga2As have been investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT). An interesting atomic ordering of two neighboring elements Ga and As reported in the structure of Rh5Ga2As by X-ray diffraction data only is confirmed by first-principles total-energy calculations. The previously reported experimental model with Ga/As ordering is indeed the most stable in the structure of Rh5Ga2As. The calculation detected that there is an obvious trend concerning the influence of the heteroatomic Rh–Ga/As contacts on the calculated total energy. Interestingly, the orderly distribution of As and Ga that is found in the binary GaAs (Zinc-blende structure type), retained to ternary Rh5Ga2As. The density of states (DOS) and Crystal Orbital Hamiltonian Population (COHP) are calculated to enlighten the stability and bonding characteristics in the structure of Rh5Ga2As. The bonding analysis also confirms that Rh–Ga/As short contacts are the major driving force towards the overall stability of the compound.

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