Room-temperature ultrasonic-bonding characteristics of compliant micro-bump investigated by ex-situ and in-situ measurements

This interdisciplinary study with implications for fate and transport of pollutants from shipping, investigates the previously overlooked phenomenon of ship induced mixing. When a ship moves through water, the hull and propeller induce a long-lasting turbulent wake. Natural waters are usually stratified, and the stratification influences both the vertical and horizontal extent of the wake. The altered turbulent regime in shipping lanes governs the distribution of discharged pollutants, e.g. PAHs, metals, nutrients and non-indigenous species. The ship related pollutant load follows the trend in volumes of maritime trade, which has almost tripled since the 1980s. In heavily trafficked areas there may be one ship passage every ten minutes; today shipping constitutes a significant source of pollution.To understand the environmental impact of shipping related pollutants, it is essential to know their fate following regional scale transport. However, previous modelling efforts assuming discharge at the surface will not adequately reflect the input values in the regional models. Therefore, it is urgent to bridge the gaps between the spatiotemporal scales from high-resolution numerical modeling of the flow hydrodynamics around the ship, mixing processes and interaction of the ship and wake with stratification, and parameterization in regional oceanographic modeling. Here this knowledge gap is addressed by combining an array of methods; in situ measurements, remote sensing and numerical flow modeling.A bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler was placed under a ship lane, for in-situ measurements of the vertical and temporal expansion of turbulent wakes. In addition, ex-situ measurements with Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor were used to estimate the longevity and spatial extent of the thermal signal from ship wakes. The computational modelling was conducted using well resolved 3D RANS modelling for the hull and the near wake (up to five ship lengths aft), a method typically used for the near wake behaviour in analysing the propulsion system. As this is not feasible to use for a far wake analysis, the predicted wake is then used as input for a 2D+time modelling for the sustained wake up to 30min after the ship passage. These results, both from measurements and numerical models, are then combined to analyse how ship-induced turbulence influence at what depth discharged pollutants will be found.This first step to cover the mesoscales of the turbulent ship wake is necessary to assess the impact of ship related pollution. In-situ measurements show median wake depth 13.5m (max 31.5m) and median longevity 10min (max 29min). Satellite data show median thermal wake signal 13.7km (max 62.5km). A detailed simulation model will only be possible to use for the first few 100m of the ship wake, but the coupling to a simplified 2D+time modelling shows a promising potential to bridge our understanding of the impact of the ship wake on the larger scales. Our model results indicate that the natural stratification affects the distribution and retention of pollutants in the wake region. The depth of discharge and the wake turbulence characteristics will in turn affect the fate and transport of pollutants on larger spatiotemporal scales.

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Ion-Irradiation-Induced Amorphization Of Cadmium Niobate Pyrochlore

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-650-r5.4 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 650 ◽

Author(s):

A. Meldrum ◽

K. Beaty ◽

L. A. Boatner ◽

C. W. White

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Ion Irradiation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Ion Energies

ABSTRACTIrradiation-induced amorphization of Cd2Nb2O7 pyrochlore was investigated by means of in-situ temperature-dependent ion-irradiation experiments in a transmission electron microscope, combined with ex-situ ion-implantation (at ambient temperature) and RBS/channeling analysis. The in-situ experiments were performed using Ne or Xe ions with energies of 280 and 1200 keV, respectively. For the bulk implantation experiments, the incident ion energies were 70 keV (Ne+) and 320 keV (Xe2+). The critical amorphization temperature for Cd2Nb2O7 is ∼480 K (280 keV Ne+) or ∼620 K (1200 keV Xe2+). The dose for in-situ amorphization at room temperature is 0.22 dpa for Xe2+, but is 0.65 dpa for Ne+ irradiation. Both types of experiments suggest a cascade overlap mechanism of amorphization. The results were analyzed in light of available models for the crystalline-to-amorphous transformation and were compared to previous ionirradiation experiments on other pyrochlore compositions.

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Phase Transformations in Sol-Gel PZT Thin Films

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-623-185 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 623 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.P. Eakin ◽

M.G. Norton ◽

D.F. Bahr

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Crystalline Films ◽

In Situ Heating

AbstractThin films of PZT were deposited onto platinized and bare single crystal NaCl using spin coating and sol-gel precursors. These films were then analyzed using in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope. The results of in situ heating are compared with those of an ex situ heat treatment in a standard furnace, mimicking the heat treatment given to entire wafers of these materials for use in MEMS and ferroelectric applications. Films are shown to transform from amorphous to nanocrystalline over the course of days when held at room temperature. While chemical variations are found between films crystallized in ambient conditions and films crystallized in the vacuum conditions of the microscope, the resulting crystal structures appear to be insensitive to these differences. Significant changes in crystal structure are found at 500°C, primarily the change from largely amorphous to the beginnings of clearly crystalline films. Crystallization does occur over the course of weeks at room temperature in these films. Structural changes are more modest in these films when heated in the TEM then those observed on actual wafers. The presence of Pt significantly influences both the resulting structure and morphology in both in situ and ex situ heated films. Without Pt present, the films appear to form small, 10 nm grains consisting of both cubic and tetragonal phases, whereas in the case of the Pt larger, 100 nm grains of a tetragonal phase are formed.

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Electrical Properties of Coevaporated CuInS2 Films by in-situ Conductivity Measurements

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-426-309 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 426 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Scheer ◽

M. Alt ◽

I. Luck ◽

R. Schieck ◽

H. J. Lewerenz

Keyword(s):

Electrical Properties ◽

In Situ Measurements ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Conductivity Measurements

AbstractThe conductivity σ of CuInS2 films grown by coevaporation is investigated by in-situ measurements during the deposition and ex-situ measurements. During the controlled cool-down period of the grown films, σ vs l/T data are obtained for films with Cu-rich and In-rich composition. Furthermore, first experiments on the effect of extrinsic dopants such as P, N, and Na on the conductivity of In-rich films are reported.

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Environmental influences on historical monuments: a multi-analytical characterization of degradation materials

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21804 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joao Pedro Veiga ◽

Fernanda Carvalho ◽

Hugo Aguas ◽

Giampiero Montesperelli ◽

Elissavet Kavoulaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Science And Technology ◽

In Situ Measurements ◽

Ex Situ ◽

The European Union ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Supporting Material ◽

Salt Efflorescence

<div> The Minoan Palace of Knossos and the Venetian coastal fortress &#8220;Rocca a mare&#8221; (Koules), located in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, are two important monuments for the history of mankind particularly vulnerable to environmental conditions, since they are located in an island subjected to strong variations in humidity and, as in the case of the Venetian fortress, in direct contact with sea water. In this type of surrounding environment, the formation of salt efflorescence as well as various other soluble salts crusts is a common situation. They occur according to the existing solubilization and crystallization conditions and can happen either in exterior or interior areas of the monuments. Their presence may stimulate further degradation, either due to the chemical dissolution of the substrate materials or due to the mechanical actions created by the formation of crystals, which may result in the decay of the substrate. A set of samples from both monuments were analysed using various laboratory (ex-situ) analytical methods such as optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). In-situ measurements using portable Raman and LIBS instruments were also performed. The comparative results from ex-situ analysis and in-situ measurements will be presented with emphasis to the chemical composition of the crusts and their origin. Results indicate that observed stalactites and salt efflorescence are directly related to the type of supporting material and the conditions of the surrounding environment. In general, the formation of crusts and salts are due to processes of alteration of the supporting material while the high impact of sea salt on the formation of the efflorescence at the Venetian coastal fortress was also confirmed. &#160; [1] This work was supported by the European Union&#8217;s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 under Grant Agreement 700395 project HERACLES. Acknowledgment to the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) UID/EAT/00729/2013 and EAT/00729-3 by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through FCT&#8212;Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project number POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688, Reference UID/CTM/50025/2013 NOVA.ID.FCT, and the PhD Scholarship SFRH/BD/145308/2019. </div>

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Ex situ and in situ measurements of juvenile yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares target strength

Fisheries Science ◽

10.1007/s12562-011-0401-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 77 (6) ◽

pp. 903-913 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hsueh-Jung Lu ◽

Myounghee Kang ◽

Hsing-Han Huang ◽

Chi-Chang Lai ◽

Long-Jin Wu

Keyword(s):

Yellowfin Tuna ◽

In Situ Measurements ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Target Strength ◽

Thunnus Albacares

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Surface Morphologies and Interfaces of TiSi2 Formed from UHV Deposited Ti on Si

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-160-307 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 160 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hyeongtag Jeon ◽

R. J. Nemanich ◽

J.W. Honeycutt ◽

G. A. Rozgonyi

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Island Formation ◽

Surface And Interface ◽

Angle Measurements ◽

Contact Angle Measurements ◽

Liquid Model ◽

Surface Morphologies ◽

Substrate Temperatures

AbstractThe island formation of TiSi2 and the surface morphologies and interfaces of TiSi2 on Si have been examined and related to the surface and the interface energies. Ti (200Å and 400Å) films were deposited on clean, reconstructed Si(100) and Si(111) substrates at room temperature and also at high substrate temperatures (500°C~800°C). The TiSi2 formation process is monitored with in-situ LEED and AES and the surface morphologies and interfaces are examined with ex-situ SEM and TEM. For annealing to temperatures such that the C54 phase forms, the results indicate island formation with clean reconstructed substrate regions between the islands. The TiSi2 islands show different morphology on the (100) and (111) oriented substrates. The mechanism of TiSi2 island formation is described in terms of a liquid-liquid model, and the surface and interface energies for the TiSi2 island are determined from contact angle measurements.

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Phase Evolution from Volborthite, Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2O, upon Heat Treatment

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11121312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1312

Author(s):

Rezeda M. Ismagilova ◽

Elena S. Zhitova ◽

Sergey V. Krivovichev ◽

Anastasia V. Sergeeva ◽

Anton A. Nuzhdaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Analytical Data ◽

Phase Evolution ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Fast Cooling ◽

In Situ Heating ◽

Structure Complexity ◽

Increasing Temperature

In the experiments on volborthite in situ and ex situ heating, analogues of all known natural anhydrous copper vanadates have been obtained: ziesite, pseudolyonsite, mcbirneyite, fingerite, stoiberite and blossite, with the exception of borisenkoite, which requires the presence of As in the V site. The evolution of Cu-V minerals during in situ heating is as follows: volborthite Cu3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2O (30–230 °C) → X-ray amorphous phase (230–290 °C) → ziesite β-Cu2(V2O7) (290–430 °C) → ziesite + pseudolyonsite α-Cu3(VO4)2 + mcbirneyite β-Cu3(VO4)2 (430–510 °C) → mcbirneyite (510–750 °C). This trend of mineral evolution agrees with the thermal analytical data. These phases also dominate in all experiments with an ex situ annealing. However, the phase compositions of the samples annealed ex situ are more complex: fingerite Cu11(VO4)6O2 occurs in the samples annealed at ~250 and ~480 °C and quickly or slowly cooled to room temperature, and in the sample annealed at ~850 °C with fast cooling. At the same time, blossite and stoiberite have been found in the samples annealed at ~480–780 and ~780–850 °C, respectively, and slowly cooled to room temperature. There is a trend of decreasing crystal structure complexity in the raw phases obtained by the in situ heating with the increasing temperature: volborthite → ziesite → mcbirneyite (except of pseudolyonsite). Another tendency is that the longer the sample is cooled, the more complex the crystal structure that is formed, with the exception of blossite, most probably because blossite and ziesite are polymorphs with identical crystal structure complexities. The high complexity of fingerite and stoiberite, as well as their distinction by Cu:V ratio, may explain the uncertain conditions of their formation.

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A Study of the MBE Growth of MGO on The FE(001) Surface

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-357-189 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 357 ◽

Author(s):

J.L. Vassent ◽

M. Dynna ◽

G. Patrat ◽

B. Gilles ◽

A. Marty

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Lattice Parameter ◽

Electron Beam Evaporation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Misfit Dislocations ◽

Mbe Growth ◽

Plane Lattice ◽

Pseudomorphic Growth ◽

Bulk Parameter

AbstractThe deposition of MgO on the Fe(001) surface has been carried out using electron beam evaporation. MgO is observed to grow epitaxially with a 45° rotation between the Fe(001) and MgO(001) unit cell axes. Oscillations in the intensity of the RHEED specular beam are observed at room temperature showing that growth is two-dimensional. The relaxation of the in-plane lattice parameter during the growth at room temperature has been investigated in-situ by measuring the position of the RHEED streaks and ex-situ with GIXD experiments. Pseudomorphic growth is observed up to about five monolayers. Then the in-plane lattice parameter starts to evolve towards the MgO bulk parameter. HREM shows that the relaxation of MgO occurs via the generation of 1/2<011> misfit dislocations which are non-uniformly spaced at the Fe/MgO interface.

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