High frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk factors in children with acute respiratory infection

Abstract Background Respiratory infections are among the leading causes of death and disability globally. Respirable aerosol particles released by agricultural crop-residue burning (ACRB), practised by farmers in all global regions, are potentially harmful to human health. Our objective was to estimate the health and economic costs of ACRB in northern India. Methods The primary outcome was acute respiratory infection (ARI) from India’s fourth District Level Health Survey (DLHS-4). DLHS-4 data were merged with Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data on fire occurrence. Mutually adjusted generalized linear models were used to generate risk ratios for risk factors of ARI. Overall disease burden due to ACRB was estimated in terms of disability-adjusted life years. Results Seeking medical treatment for ARI in the previous 2 weeks was reported by 5050 (2%) of 252 539 persons. Living in a district with intense ACRB—the top quintile of fires per day—was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of ARI (mutually adjusted risk ratio 2.99, 95% confidence interval 2.77 to 3.23) after adjustment for socio-demographic and household factors. Children under 5 years of age were particularly susceptible (3.65, 3.06 to 4.34 in this subgroup). Additional ARI risk factors included motor-vehicle congestion (1.96, 1.72 to 2.23), open drainage (1.91, 1.73 to 2.11), cooking with biomass (1.73, 1.58 to 1.90) and living in urban areas (1.35, 1.26 to 1.44). Eliminating ACRB would avert 14.9 million disability-adjusted life years lost per year, valued at US$152.9 billion over 5 years. Conclusions Investments to stop crop burning and offer farmers alternative crop-residue disposal solutions are likely to improve population-level respiratory health and yield major economic returns.

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Risk factors of acute respiratory infections among under five children attending public hospitals in southern Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016/2017

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-019-1767-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sielu Alemayehu ◽

Kalayou Kidanu ◽

Tensay Kahsay ◽

Mekuria Kassa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Maternal Literacy

Abstract Background Acute Respiratory infection accounts for 94,037000 disability adjusted life years and 1.9 million deaths worldwide. Acute respiratory infections is the most common causes of under-five illness and mortality. The under five children gets three to six episodes of acute respiratory infections annually regardless of where they live. Disease burden due to acute respiratory infection is 10–50 times higher in developing countries when compared to developed countries. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors of acute respiratory infection among under-five children attending Public hospitals in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia 2016/2017. Methods Institution based case control study was conducted from Nov 2016 to June 2017. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 288 (96 cases and 192 controls) children under 5 years of age. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit study subjects and SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were employed to examine statistical association between the outcome variable and selected independent variables at 95% confidence level. Level of statistical Significance was declared at p < 0.05. Tables, figures and texts were used to present data. Result One hundred sixty (55.6%) and 128 (44.4%) of the participants were males and females respectively. Malnutrition (AOR = 2.89; 95%CI: 1.584–8.951; p = 0.039), cow dung use (AOR =2.21; 95%CI: 1.121–9.373; p = 0.014), presence of smoker in the family (AOR = 0.638; 95% CI: 0.046–0.980; p = 0.042) and maternal literacy (AOR = 3.098; 95%CI: 1.387–18.729; p = 0.021) were found to be significant predictors of acute respiratory infection among under five children. Conclusion According to this study maternal literacy, smoking, cow dung use and nutritional status were strongly associated with increased risk of childhood acute respiratory infection. Health care providers should work jointly with the general public, so that scientific knowledge and guidelines for adopting particular preventive measures for acute respiratory infection are disseminated.

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Risk Factors at Home on Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Incidence in Children Under Five in Sapuli Island, South Sulawesi

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00551.x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Mulyadi ◽

Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

At Home

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Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection and the Associated Risk Factors: A Study of Children Under Five Years of Age in Tribal and Coastal Areas of Odisha, India

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01984.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 774

Author(s):

Bhagyalaxmi Biswal ◽

Bhagirathi Dwidedi ◽

Bibhuti Bhusan Pal ◽

Shantanu K Kar

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Risk factors associated with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) among children under 10-years in Rohingya refugee camp

Recent Research in Science and Technology ◽

10.25081/rrst.2020.12.6090 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-35

Author(s):

Shafiqua Nawrin Oishi ◽

Nazmul Alam

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Aged People

Acute respiratory infections are cause by bacterial, fungal or viral infections of the respiratory tract. Very young and older aged people are most vulnerable of these infections lead to difficulties from fever, cough, nasal discharge, sputum production, fatigue, wheezing, pain on swallowing, at times ear infections and meningitis. With huge number of Rohingya influx in Bangladesh, camps are overly crowded allowing many infectious diseases to transmit easily. Although there are researches that have been conducted in this area, there remains a huge gap of research in these camps where children being vulnerable are mostly suffering from respiratory disease such as Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). This cross-sectional study investigated the risk factors associated with ARI among children less than 10 years in Rohingya refugee camps. After collecting information based on their demographic, anthropometric, history of respiratory problem, accommodation and nutritional status, it was found that about 21.6% of 259 children under this study had symptoms of ARI. Living in congested housing and with lack of nutritious food children were found negatively associated with ARI.

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Viral etiology in adult influenza-like illness/acute respiratory infection and predictivity of C-reactive protein

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.6939 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (07) ◽

pp. 741-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hakan Cinemre ◽

Cengiz Karacer ◽

Murat Yücel ◽

Aziz Öğütlü ◽

Fatma Behice Cinemre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Bordetella Pertussis ◽

Legionella Pneumophila ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Influenza Like Illness

Introduction: Influenza-like illness (ILI) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) are common presentations during winter and indiscriminate antibiotic use contributes significantly to the emerging post-antibiotic era. Methodology: Otherwise healthy 152 patients, presenting to outpatient clinics with ILI/ARI, were included. Patients had history & physical, CRP, hemogram and nasopharyngeal swabs for rhinovirus A/B, influenza A/B, adenovirus A/B/C/D/E, coronavirus 229E/NL63 and OC43, parainfluenza virus 1/2/3, respiratory syncytial virusA/B, metapneumovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Bordetella pertussis by PCR and for ABHS culture. Results: Median (IR) age was 26.5 (16.5). Time to presentation was shorter in men (p = 0.027). Patients with rhinovirus had lower rates (20%) of myalgia (p = 0.043). Patients with influenza virus had higher rates (97%) of elevated CRP (p = 0.016). Logistic regression revealed that patients with ILI/ARI and CRP ≥ 5 mg/L were 60 times more likely to have influenza virus infection than other viral agents (OR = 60.0, 95% CI = 2.65 to 1,358.2, p = 0.010). Rhinovirus predominated in December (54%), March (36%), and April (33%). Influenza virus predominated in January (51%). Fever was most common with adenovirus (p = 0.198). All GABHS cultures were negative. Atypical organisms and Bordetella pertussis were negative in all but one patient. Conclusions: Influenza virus is the most likely pathogen in ILI/ARI when CRP ≥ 5 mg/L. This might be explained by tissue destruction. Myalgia is rare with rhinovirus probably due to absence of viremia. Negative bacteria by PCR and culture suggest unnecessary antibiotic use in ILI/ARI.

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