Retarding effect of early anosmia on growth of the body, brain, olfactory bulbs, and cerebellum and its implications for the development of the olfactory system in the rat

Cell surface glycoconjugates are considered to play important roles in cell-cell interactions in the developing central nervous system. We have previously described a group of monoclonal antibodies that recognize defined carbohydrate epitopes and reveal unique temporal and spatial patterns of immunoreactivity in the developing main and accessory olfactory systems in rats. Antibody CC2 reacts with complex α-galactosyl and α-fucosyl glycoproteins and glycolipids. Antibody CC1 reacts with terminal N-acetyl galactosamine residues of globoside-like glycolipids. Antibody 1B2 reacts with β-galactosyl glycolipids and glycoproteins. Our light microscopic data suggest that these antigens may be located on the surfaces of axons of the vomeronasal and olfactory nerves as well as on some of their target neurons in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.

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Histological Properties of Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs in the Common Hippopotamus

Brain Behavior and Evolution ◽

10.1159/000479180 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 224-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daisuke Kondoh ◽

Kenichi Watanabe ◽

Kaori Nishihara ◽

Yurie S. Ono ◽

Kentaro G. Nakamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Granule Cell ◽

Olfactory System ◽

Olfactory Nerve ◽

Mitral Cell ◽

Vomeronasal System ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽

Cell Layers ◽

The Common ◽

Tufted Cells

The olfactory system of mammals comprises a main olfactory system that detects hundreds of odorants and a vomeronasal system that detects specific chemicals such as pheromones. The main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulbs are the respective primary centers of the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems. Most mammals including artiodactyls possess a large MOB and a comparatively small AOB, whereas most cetaceans lack olfactory bulbs. The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is semiaquatic and belongs to the order Cetartiodactyla, family Hippopotamidae, which seems to be the closest extant family to cetaceans. The present study evaluates the significance of the olfactory system in the hippopotamus by histologically analyzing the MOB and AOB of a male common hippopotamus. The MOB comprised six layers (olfactory nerve, glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform, and granule cell), and the AOB comprised vomeronasal nerve, glomerular, plexiform, and granule cell layers. The MOB contained mitral cells and tufted cells, and the AOB possessed mitral/tufted cells. These histological features of the MOB and the AOB were similar to those in most artiodactyls. All glomeruli in the AOB were positive for anti-Gαi2, but weakly positive for anti-Gαo, suggesting that the hippopotamus vomeronasal system expresses vomeronasal type 1 receptors with a high affinity for volatile compounds. These findings suggest that the olfactory system of the hippopotamus is as well developed as that of other artiodactyl species and that the hippopotamus might depend on its olfactory system for terrestrial social communication.

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In goldfish the discriminative ability for odours persists after reduction of the olfactory epithelium, and rapidly returns after olfactory nerve axotomy and crossing bulbs

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2000.0671 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 355 (1401) ◽

pp. 1219-1223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hans Peter Zippel

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Olfactory Epithelium ◽

Functional Recovery ◽

Olfactory System ◽

Olfactory Nerve ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Similar Concentration ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Discriminative Ability ◽

Bilateral Lesions

Goldfish are ideal vertebrates for the study of regeneration within the peripheral and the central olfactory system. The present behavioural investigations studied the effects of bilateral lesions on the animals' ability to qualitatively discriminate two amino acids (107 -6 M) and their performance in two more difficult tasks: (i) rewarded amino acid applied in a lower concentration, and (ii) rewarded stimulus contaminated. A 50 and 85% reduction of the olfactory epithelium resulted in no recordable behavioural deficit. After axotomy of olfactory nerves and lateral olfactory tractotomy, fishes were anosmic for seven to ten days. Following replacement of sensory cells in the epithelium, and after regeneration of olfactory tract fibres a full functional recovery, i.e. a highly specific regeneration, was recorded. After three surgical modifications of the olfactory bulbs' position, (i) crossing olfactory tracts and bulbs, (ii) crossing tracts and turning bulbs, and (iii) turning bulbs upside down, a full functional recovery was recorded for amino-acid discrimination in a similar concentration. A permanent, and similar slight deficit was, however, found during application of different concentrations, and of contaminated stimuli when medial lateral halves of the bulb were in ‘incorrect’ position (i) and (iii), or olfactory bulbs were positioned in the vicinity of the contralateral epithelium (i) and (ii).

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In vivo magnetic resonance imaging evidence of olfactory bulbs changes in a newborn with congenital Citomegalovirus: a case report

Italian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s13052-021-01170-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Bianchi ◽

Caterina Coviello ◽

Valentina Leonardi ◽

Michele Luzzati ◽

Stefano Chiti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Olfactory System ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Cmv Infection ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Congenital Cmv Infection ◽

Congenital Cmv

Abstract Background Citomegalovirus (CMV) infects approximately 1% of live newborns. About 10% of the infants affected by congenital CMV infection are symptomatic at birth and up to 60% of these infants will develop permanent neurological disabilities. Depending on gestational age (GA) at the time of infection, the involvement of central nervous system (CNS) can lead to malformations of cortical development, calcifications, periventricular white matter lesions and cysts, ventriculomegaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. Case presentation We report the MRI findings in a Caucasian female born at 32 weeks of post-menstrual age with post-birth diagnosis of congenital CMV infection showing an unusual and peculiar marked T2 hyperintensity of the inner part of olfactory bulbs in addition to the CMV related diffuse brain involvement. Despite the known extensively described fetal and neonatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings in CMV infected fetuses and newborns, any in vivo MRI depiction of olfactory system damage have never been reported so far. Nevertheless, in murine studies CMV is known to infect the placenta during pregnancy showing particular tropism for neural stem cells of the olfactory system and previous neuropathologic study on CMV infected human fetal brains from 23 to 28 weeks of GA reported damage in the olfactory bulbs (OB) consisting in disseminated cytomegalic cells, inflammation, necrosis and neuronal and radial glial cell loss. Therefore, we assume an OB involvement and damage in congenital CMV infection. Conclusion To our knowledge this is the first in vivo MRI evidence of OB damage in a newborn with congenital CMV infection that may give new insights on CMV infection.

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Confirmed central olfactory system lesions on brain MRI in COVID-19 patients with anosmia: a case-series

10.1101/2020.07.08.20148692 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yannick Girardeau ◽

Yoan GALLOIS ◽

Guillaume DE BONNECAZE ◽

Bernard ESCUDE ◽

Clarisse LAFONT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽

Olfactory System ◽

Brain Mri ◽

Case Series ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Olfactory Test ◽

High Resolution Images ◽

Smell Disorders ◽

The Impact

Objective: Anosmia has been listed as a key-symptom associated with the COVID-19 infection. Because it often occurs without any sign of rhinitis, lesions of the central olfactory system have been suspected. To date, however, there is no evidence that anosmia caused by SARS-CoV2 could be the result of brain damage. Methods: We conducted a case-series on 10 consecutive COVID-19 patients who reported anosmia. Each patient prospectively underwent a validated olfactory test (Sniffin Sticks test) and a brain MRI. Results: Hypersignal intensity lesions of the central olfactory system were found in 3 subjects on 3D T2 FLAIR and 2D T2 High Resolution images with a lesion involving the olfactory bulbs and/or the orbitofrontal cortex. These 3 subjects showed a severe and persistent loss of smell on the olfactory test. Mucosal hyperplasia of the upper nasal cavities was found in two other subjects with significant smell disorders. There was no MRI anomaly in two subjects with good smell restoration. Conclusions: Anomalies of the central olfactory system could be responsible for anosmia in patients with COVID-19 infection. Further studies are needed to assess the impact on long-term functional prognosis of these lesions.

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THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INFANT RHESUS MONKEYS TO POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS ADMINISTERED BY MOUTH

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.86.4.309 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 309-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Dorothy M. Horstmann ◽

Joseph L. Melnick ◽

Robert Ward ◽

M. José Sá Fleitas

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Oral Route ◽

The Body ◽

Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽

Duodenal Wall ◽

Olfactory Pathway ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Poliomyelitis Virus ◽

Positive Results ◽

Infant Rhesus

Although rhesus monkeys have been generally regarded as refractory to infection with poliomyelitis virus administered by the oral route, two of seven infant rhesus developed paralytic poliomyelitis when fed murine-adapted strains of virus. Preliminary intranasal treatment with zinc sulfate and negative serial sections of the olfactory bulbs of the positive animals ruled out the possibility that infection occurred by way of the olfactory pathway. Studies on the distribution of virus in the tissues of the infected animals yielded positive results in one animal only. In this instance, virus was widely distributed throughout the body being isolated from spinal cord, buccal mucosa, duodenal wall, colon contents, superficial lymph nodes, spleen, heart, and adrenals.

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EFFECTS OF INTRANASAL BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ADMINISTRATION ON EXPRESSION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN IN PERIPHERAL STRUCTURES OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

Medical academic journal ◽

10.17816/maj191s1103-104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1S) ◽

pp. 103-104

Author(s):

T N Sergeyeva ◽

K S Sergeyeva

Keyword(s):

Olfactory System ◽

Neuronal Damage ◽

Early Stage ◽

Olfactory Nerve ◽

Alpha Synuclein ◽

Dopamine Neurons ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Dopamine Content ◽

The Central Nervous System

The involvement of olfactory dysfunction led to the proposal of ‘the olfactory vector hypothesis’ to explain both olfactory losses and the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) as a result of the transit of an environmental virus or chemical agent that enters the central nervous system (CNS) via the nose, activating the glial response of the brain that may lead to dopamine neuronal damage. Previously created chronic, progressive a mouse model of PD by intranasal instillation of a LPS displayed several key features of early-stage PD: a progressive hypokinesia, selective loss of dopamine neurons, a reduction in striatal dopamine content, and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation and aggregation in the substance nigra. Other PD model based on nasal inoculation with α-syn aggregates also expressed parkinsonian-like behavioral and immunological features.We suggested that intranasal administration of LPS might cause an increase in expression and misfolding of a-syn in olfactory receptor cells that are projected into olfactory bulbs. We observed an increase in the expression of the native and phosphorylated forms of immunoreactive a-syn in olfactory cells, olfactory nerve and olfactory bulbs where, in addition, activated glial cells were observed. The findings suggest that bacterial antigens can cause parkinsonian-like features both by inducing a glial neuroinflammatory response and by increasing the production of phosphorylated a-syn in peripheral structures of the olfactory system.

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Retarding effect of dietary fibers from bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) on hyperlipidemic rats induced by high-fat diet

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d0fo02407d ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qi Li ◽

Xiangjun Fang ◽

Hangjun Chen ◽

Yanchao Han ◽

Ruiling Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

The Body ◽

Bamboo Shoot ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

High Fat ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Retarding Effect ◽

Sd Rats

The effects of administration of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) dietary fiber (BSDF) on high-fat diet (HDF) induced hyperlipidemia were studied with SD rats model. Results indicated that the body weight...

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The influence of stimulus duration on olfactory identity

10.1101/2020.09.07.286773 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Praveen Kuruppath ◽

Leonardo Belluscio

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Auditory System ◽

Stimulus Duration ◽

Olfactory System ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Olfactory Information

AbstractDuration of a stimulus plays an important role in coding of sensory information. The role of stimulus duration is extensively studied in tactile, visual and auditory system. In the olfactory system, how the stimulus duration influences the identity of an olfactory information is not well understood. To test this, we activated the olfactory bulbs with blue light in mice expressing channelrhodopsin and behaviorally assessed the relevance of stimulus duration on olfactory identity. Our behavior data demonstrate that stimulus duration changes the olfactory information and the associated behavior.

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Interhemispheric connections between olfactory bulbs improve odor detection

10.1101/767210 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florence Kermen ◽

Emre Yaksi

Keyword(s):

Olfactory System ◽

Spatial Organization ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Granule Cell Layer ◽

Top Down ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Brain Hemispheres ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Olfactory Glomeruli ◽

Interhemispheric Connection

SUMMARYInterhemispheric connections enable interaction and integration of sensory information in bilaterian nervous systems and are thought to optimize sensory computations. However, the cellular and spatial organization of interhemispheric networks as well as the computational properties they mediate in vertebrates are still poorly understood. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the connectivity between left and right brain hemispheres participates in sensory processing. Here, we show that the zebrafish olfactory bulbs (OBs) receive direct interhemispheric projections from their contralateral counterparts in addition to top-down inputs from the contralateral zebrafish homolog of olfactory cortex. The direct interhemispheric projections between the OBs reach peripheral layers of the contralateral OB and retain a fine-grained topographic organization, which directly connects similarly tuned olfactory glomeruli across hemispheres. In contrast, interhemispheric top-down inputs consist of diffuse projections that broadly innervate the inhibitory granule cell layer. Jointly, these interhemispheric connections elicit a balance of topographically organized excitation and non-topographic inhibition on the contralateral OB and modulate odor responses. We show that the interhemispheric connections in the olfactory system enable the modulation of odor response and improve the detection of a reproductive pheromone, when presented together with competing complex olfactory cues, by boosting the response of the pheromone selective neurons. Taken together, our data shows a previously unknown function for an interhemispheric connection between chemosensory maps of the olfactory system.

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