A follow-up developmental study of hypothesis behavior among mentally retarded and nonretarded children

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Weisz
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Hypothesis Behavior

scholarly journals Verpleging van die geestesvertraagde kind in die gemeenskap

Curationis ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Moolman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Retarded Child ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Multi Disciplinary Team

There is a shift in emphasis in nursing care of the mentally retarded child in the community. Firstly, the child must be identified and then his condition is evaluated, usually by a multi-disciplinary team. A decision must then be made whether the child will be cared for in the community. The nurse assists the parent or guardian in training for independence which includes self-care, use of toilet, personal hygiene, and dressing. Training in various perceptual and motor skills are also included in the nursing care plan. The nurse makes follow-up visits to evaluate progress and adapts the nursing care plan as necessary. She also has an important role in encouraging and guiding the parents. Nursing the mentally retarded child in the community requires specialised knowledge — and a lot of love.

PSYCHIATRIC STUDY OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Katharine F. Woodward ◽  
Miriam G. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Nursery School ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Intensive Investigation ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children

This is a preliminary report of a proposed 3-year project for the study and treatment of a group of 8 mentally retarded preschool children. It represents the combined efforts of a clinic team, consisting of psychiatrist, pediatrician, psychologist, social workers, and nursery school teachers. The aim is to determine whether psychogenic factors are responsible for all or part of the retardation and if they are, whether the child can be helped to function at a normal on a higher level. The children selected for this study have no demonstrable organic basis for the retardation, and are free from familial tendency toward mental deficiency. We have excluded from this project children ordinarily classified as "schizophrenic," yet most of our children reveal some schizoid features in varying intensity. Our preliminary findings would tend to corroborate the impressions of other workers in the field that many children who are labelled "mentally deficient" fit more correctly into a borderline psychotic group. Seven of the eight children in this study belong in this group although mental retardation was the main criterion for selection. After 1 year of preliminary study it is our impression that psychogenic factors exist in these cases. Progress reports will be published in the second and third years of study of this group with publication of a follow-up study of all of the children and their siblings. The topics to be covered in these reports will include details of case histories with emphasis on personality dynamics, and the special therapeutic techniques developed to meet the unique needs of these children. With the aid of a clinical team approach, those children in our group who attended regularly revealed changes of a positive nature, reflected in the attainment of skills more appropriate to their age bevel. We agree with Kanner that "Every person of a lower than average I. Q. has obtained a right to be studied with full attention to the genetic, physical, cultural, socio-economic, educational and emotional determinants...." If psychiatry can make a positive contribution to the understanding and treatment of mentally retarded children, it should be instituted at a very early age, as soon as there is any suspicion of retardation. In the hope that the problem will correct itself spontaneously, parents and physicians tend to postpone such study until the child has reached school age. In line with modern trends toward prevention, further and more intensive investigation of this problem at the preschool level might avoid problems later in life for the child and for the family. It is possible that such studies might reduce to a measurable degree the population of our institutions for the mentally defective child.

Aversive Control of Bruxism in a Mentally Retarded Child: A Case Study

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack J. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Retarded Child ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Aversive Control

Reduction of audible bruxing by an 8-yr.-old, non-verbal boy was effected from baseline (5 days) in 17 days of treatment at school (a contingent verbal No accompanied by the teacher's finger to the child's jaw). Reduction continued at a 3-wk. follow-up and generalized to the home.

Comparison of Nonretarded and Mentally Retarded Children on Tasks Involving Direct and Rule-Governed Imitation

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen D. Boyce ◽  
Leroy Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Imitation Learning ◽  
Social Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Type Interaction ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Intellectual Level

The influence of intellectual level and social reinforcement on imitation learning was examined. Tasks involving direct and rule-governed imitation of a model were presented to 20 mentally retarded and 20 nonretarded children. The children within each group were randomly assigned to either an affective (“good-fine”) or an informative (“correct-right”) social reinforcement condition. Reinforcement, administered on a fixed ratio (FR4) schedule, was contingent on the child's imitative behavior. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that both the Population X Reinforcement Type interaction and the Reinforcement main effect were significant. Univariate follow-up tests showed that only rule-governed imitation contributed significantly to the multivariate effects. Analysis of simple effects indicated that retarded children performed optimally under affective reinforcement, while the nonretarded children performed highest under informative reinforcement.

PROGNOSIS IN INFANTILE SPASMS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-721
Author(s):  
L. L. Burnett ◽  
E. L. Gibbs ◽  
F. A. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Infantile Spasms ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

A follow-up study has been conducted on 27 patients who had infantile spasms and normal electroencephalograms before the age of 1 year, and who did not have hypsarhythmia, the electroencephalographic abnormality which is usual in this condition. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the absence of electroencephalographic abnormality alters the prognosis. Less than half of the patients were found to be physically or mentally retarded and only one quarter still had seizures, which is somewhat better than was previously reported for cases with hypsarhythmia. However, the difference in prognosis is most evident as regards mental development: The present data indicate that there is a 55% chance that a child with infantile spasms and a normal electroencephalogram will develop normal mentality; the chance is only 15% with hypsarhythmia.

scholarly journals The Effects on the Family of the Presence of a Mentally Retarded Child

1972 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Fotheringham ◽  
Mora Skelton ◽  
B.A. Hoddinott
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Retarded Child ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Local Association ◽  
Adoptive Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Set Up

This study conceptualizes the presence of a retarded child within a family as constituting a stress which the family attempts to cope with by bringing its resources to bear on the problem. If the stress proves too great for the family's coping mechanism institutionalization may be sought. The Institutional Sample families did not appreciably improve over the year following the removal of their child; while the Community Sample showed signs of deterioration, particularly in the areas of sibling functioning. The follow-up findings could be interpreted in two ways to support alternate biases with regard to hospitalization. Those who are generally against institutionalization for the retarded, believing that young children should remain in their own homes if possible, may view the lack of improvement in the functioning of the institutional families after the child was removed as an indication that these families should be encouraged to remain intact. In order to achieve this goal every effort would need to be made to strengthen, shore up and assist these families to cope with their retarded member or, where necessary, to supply the child with a new home (a foster or adoptive family). Those who generally favour institutionalization for the retarded may interpret the evidence of the decreased functioning of the community families who kept their child at home as supporting the need for the wholesale hospitalization of retarded persons. This was advocated by Goddard in his study of the Kallikaks (10). In the former approach the focus is on the welfare of the retarded child and in the latter the emphasis is on the welfare of the family and society. Is it not possible to stop playing ‘either/or’ and consider both? There are frequent occasions when a child needs to be separated from his family for their benefit or his and where an alternate family (foster or adoptive) cannot be found. Must the choice be between forcing the family to keep him and allowing the family functioning to deteriorate, or removing the child to a large impersonal institution? Lorimer Lodge, which has cared for young retarded women for over a hundred years and also the Harold Lawson Residence for trainable retarded children aged 6–12 years (both operated by the Metropolitan Toronto Association for the Mentally Retarded), the work of Jean Vanier in France and Glen Lowther in Winnipeg on community homes for retarded adults all demonstrate viable alternatives to institutionalization. It is becoming imperative that more adequate and humane alternatives be found than the present impersonal and huge institutions for those retarded persons who require, or could benefit from, an out-of-home living arrangement. This will require a major shift in emphasis, planning and responsibility. At present in Ontario the local Association for the Mentally Retarded is the main moving force in the building of community residences. Considering the magnitude of the need, progress has been slow and such agencies as the Children's Aid Society need to set up residences, possibly in conjunction with the local Association for the Mentally Retarded. This study may be interpreted as supporting the contention that to have a retarded child in the home is an added stress on the family. Follow-up of families who responded to this stress by institutionalizing their retarded children suggests that in many instances this is not the ideal answer to the problem for the family or for the child, but that a more complex variety of solutions is needed.

scholarly journals Implementation of Hepatitis Information Management System in Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Reza Safdari ◽  
Jebraeil Farzi ◽  
Ali Akbar Nasiri ◽  
Marjan Ghazisaeedi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Taghavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Nowadays, hepatitis is of the most important health priorities around the world, where information plays a very significant role in specialized diseases prevention planning, and policy- and decision-making processes. Thus, this study addressed challenges of hepatitis information management and investigated the outcomes of establishing a hepatitis information management system to overcome such challenges. To this end, this research intended to study the implementation of an Electronic hepatitis information management system.</p><p><strong>METHODOLOGY:</strong> This is an applied-developmental study with following specifications and procedures: preparation of study proposal and design, justification of the design's stakeholders, approval of the design by the Postgraduate Education Council of Faculty, determination of pilot hepatitis control center, software development, deciding on control, prevention, and treatment centers, and finally development of a network-based system for collecting and managing hepatitis information.</p><p><strong>FINDINGS:</strong> Results indicated that the inconsistency and lack of integrity of data, as well as the lack of communication between related units prevented timely information register of viral hepatic patients and services that are provided to them. This inhibited the possibility of considering a follow-up process. However, the implementation of this system and involvement of relevant units greatly solved these problems.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Results show that the implementation of an electronic system for the management of hepatitis control, prevention, and treatment is a regional and national requirement; since, this system with its empowered infrastructure is capable in providing desired services to all laboratories, counseling and health centers, specialized clinics, and physicians connected to the hepatitis network. This enables them to follow up and monitor patients' conditions. That mentioned system paves the way for the analysis of gathered information, managers' and specialists' access in different regions to the data for making appropriate and accurate decisions.</p>

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