The effect of starvation and feeding on the time of production of egg masses in the boreo-arctic cirripede Balanus balanoides (L.)

1967 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Barnes ◽  
Margaret Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Egg Masses ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

Energy metabolism of eggs during embryogenesis in Balanus balanoides

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Lucas ◽  
D. J. Crisp†
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Balanus Balanoides ◽  
Fertilized Egg

The partitioning and utilization of energy reserves during embryogenesis were followed in the cirripede Balanus balanoides and related to the described sequence of developmental stages. Egg volume and dry weights were measured. Between the recently fertilized egg and eggs containing well-developed embryos at the end of natural incubation there is a doubling of egg volume.The biochemical composition of the newly fertilized egg is dominated by TCA-insoluble protein (55 %). Neutral lipid accounts for 17 % of the dry weight, while phospholipid and polysaccharide contribute 3–5% and 5–7% respectively. About 36% of the TCA-insoluble protein is utilized during in vivo development, accounting for about three-quarters of the energy expenditure. During this time 40% of the carbohydrate and 20% of the neutral lipid reserves are also utilised. However, when starved adults retain their mature egg masses beyond the normal term, egg metabolism occurs largely at the expense of the remaining lipid reserves. These would be exhausted in a further 6–7 weeks and the embryos unable to survive. The ability of adults to postpone hatching may therefore have important implications for the energy reserves and viability of the newly hatched nauplii. Protein supplies most of the energy during embryogenesis, with neutral lipid assuming increased importance after development has been completed.Oxygen consumption of the egg masses measured in vitro was converted through aerobic oxycalorific equivalent into biochemical loss. This showed good agreement with direct measurement of summed energy losses of the biochemical components. It was apparent that oxygen uptake rate in the later stages was restricted by diffusion resistance due to egg packing, since eggs freed from the egg mass matrix showed a 30% increase in oxygen uptake and a reduction in development time.

scholarly journals Evidence of self-fertilization in certain species of barnacles

1956 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Barnes ◽  
D. J. Crisp
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Unpublished Observation ◽  
Balanus Balanoides ◽  
Fertilized Egg

Isolated individuals of certain species of cirripedes are known to remain unfertilized at the time when the majority of contiguous individuals are carrying egg masses. From a very large number of observations on both Balanus balanoides (L.) and Elminius modestus Darwin (Crisp, 1950, 1956) there remains little doubt that in these two species copulation is necessary before eggs are brought into the mantle cavity where they are fertilized. Though fewer field observations have been made, Balanus crenatus Bruguière appears to behave similarly, isolated specimens grown on raft-exposed panels never bearing fertilized egg masses (Crisp, 1950; Barnes, unpublished observation). B. balanus (L.) (= B. porcatus da Costa) is also in all probability an obligatory cross-fertilizing hermaphrodite, though the available evidence does not exclude the possibility of self-fertilization in rare instances (Crisp, 1954; Barnes & Barnes, 1954).

Sperm activation and fertilization in Balanus balanoides

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Walley ◽  
F. White ◽  
K. M. Brander
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Clear Fluid ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Sperm Activation ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Thin Membranes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

INTRODUCTIONBalanus balanoides (L.) is a cross-fertilizing hermaphrodite. Insemination takes place in November in North Wales. Spermatozoa are deposited in the mantle cavity of a receptive individual by the extended penis of a neighbouring ‘acting male’. If a receptive individual – that is one that will accept insemination – is examined before oviposition takes place, the oviducal glands are found to be distended by a clear fluid (Walley, 1965). Oviposition follows insemination and fertilization is external, taking place within the confined space of the mantle cavity. The oocytes enter the mantle cavity, via the paired oviducal glands, and become enclosed in a pair of thin membranes. These membranes, enveloping the egg masses, are formed by distension of the elastic sacs secreted by the oviducal glands (Walley, 1965) and the spermatozoa have to pass through them in order to fertilize the eggs. If spermatozoa which have been deposited in the mantle cavity of a receptive individual are removed and examined before oviposition begins, they are immotile. If, however, they are examined several minutes later, during oviposition, they are found to be swimming vigorously (Barnes & Crisp, 1956): they have apparently been activated. The work described in this paper yields some information on the activation of the spermatozoa in B. balanoides, supplements recent work on the structure of cirripede spermatozoa (Brown, unpublished2; Turquier & Pochon-Masson, 1969; Bocquet-Vedrine & Pochon-Masson 1969; Munn & Barnes, 1970), and fixes the time within the sequence of maturation divisions of the oocyte at which fertilization takes place.

Light, temperature and the breeding of Balanus balanoides

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Constant Illumination ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

Variations in the breeding habits of cirripedes are discussed.The effect of temperature and light during various stages of gonad development has been determined for B. balanoides.Constant illumination inhibits breeding, the inhibition relating to the later stages of gonad development.There is a critical temperature above which breeding will not take place, the level of which may possibly be raised by decreased periods of illumination. A period of 4–6 weeks at less than 12 h of light per day and below the critical temperature is required for maturation of the gametes. It is difficult to advance the date at which egg-masses are laid down by more than a few weeks.The results are discussed in relation to the animal's ecology. There is a very close adaptation to boreo-arctic conditions; the north-south gradient in the time at which the eggs are fertilized is related to the temperature gradient but the constancy from year to year of this date in any one locality under the same micro-environment cannot be explained on the basis of temperatures. Light periodicity is probably involved.

Natural parasitism of eggs of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in rice ecosystem at Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
T. Sharmitha ◽  
C. Gailce Leo Justin ◽  
S. Sheeba Joyce Roseleen ◽  
P. Yasodha
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Yellow Stem Borer ◽  
Rice Ecosystem ◽  
Natural Parasitism

Three species of parasitoids viz., Telenomus dignus Gahan, Trichogramma japonicum, Ishii and Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere were recorded from the egg masses of rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in a field study. The extent of parasitism was high during Rabi (43.33 – 93.33 %) and low during Kharif (0 - 40.00 %). Parasitism by T. dignus was maximum in October (50.00 %), T. japonicum, in November (23.08 %) and T. schoenobii in February (55.55 %). dignus and T. schoenobii in combination parasitized maximum number of egg masses (41.82 %). Multiple parasitism by the three species was high in December (8.33 %) and January (7.14%). Parasitic potential was maximum, when T. schoenobii alone parasitised the egg masses followed by T. dignus and T. schoenobii in combination. Host density in the field influenced the extent of parasitism.

scholarly journals Efficacy of the parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) egg masses

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hend O. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Cotton Leafworm ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Trichogrammatoidea Bactrae

Abstract Background The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the major insect pests, causing a significant damage on different cultivated agricultural crops. Developing an alternative non-chemical tool, an effective and environmentally friendly method to suppress pest's infestation is essentially needed. Therefore, biological control by releasing the egg parasitoids could be the most promising tool for integrated pest management. Results This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as a bio-control agent against S. littoralis egg masses with different physical characteristics (number of egg layer and degree of scale density) in a no-choice and choice tests, under laboratory conditions. Also, the parasitoids’ fitness in terms of parasitism percentage, developmental period, adults’ emergence percentage, female offspring percentage, and longevity were investigated. The results revealed that T. bactrae wasps had a great ability to parasitize S. littoralis egg masses, but with different rates, related to their layers and scales’ thickness in both tests. The highest parasitism percentage was observed on one-layer eggs, followed by two layers. However, 3-layer eggs were the least preferable one. High numbers of adult emergencies (> 80%) were observed in all tested egg masses, except in the case of 3 layers with high scales. Furthermore, female-biased sex ratios were noticed at all examined eggs, with only the exception of high-scaly eggs with a single layer that recorded the lowest rate (≤ 45%). Besides, the survival of adult female parasitoids was not significantly affected in both tests. Conclusions T. bactrae could be used as a bio-control agent against S. littoralis egg masses with different physical characteristics based on the achieved results.

scholarly journals Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Causes Low Levels of Parasitism in Three North American Pentatomids Under Field Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M Milnes ◽  
Elizabeth H Beers
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trissolcus Japonicus

Abstract Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), an Asian parasitoid of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was first detected in North America in 2014. Although testing in quarantine facilities as a candidate for classical biological control is ongoing, adventive populations have appeared in multiple sites in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Extensive laboratory testing of T. japonicus against other North American pentatomids and H. halys has revealed a higher rate of parasitism of H. halys, but not complete host specificity. However, laboratory tests are necessarily artificial, in which many host finding and acceptance cues may be circumvented. We offered sentinel egg masses of three native pentatomid (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) pest species (Chinavia hilaris (Say), Euschistus conspersus Uhler, and Chlorochroa ligata (Say)) in a field paired-host assay in an area with a well-established adventive population of T. japonicus near Vancouver, WA. Overall, 67% of the H. halys egg masses were parasitized by T. japonicus during the 2-yr study. Despite the ‘worst case’ scenario for a field test (close proximity of the paired egg masses), the rate of parasitism (% eggs producing adult wasps) on all three native species was significantly less (0.4–8%) than that on H. halys eggs (77%). The levels of successful parasitism of T. japonicus of the three species are C. hilaris > E. conspersus > C. ligata. The potential impact of T. japonicus on these pentatomids is probably minimal.

scholarly journals Biological control of sentinel egg masses of the exotic invasive stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in Mid-Atlantic USA ornamental landscapes

2016 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Cornelius ◽  
Christine Dieckhoff ◽  
Kim A. Hoelmer ◽  
Richard T. Olsen ◽  
Donald C. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Exotic Invasive

scholarly journals New terpenoid metabolites from the skin extracts, an egg mass, and dietary sponges of the Northeastern Pacific dorid nudibranch Cadlinaluteomarginata

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Dumdei ◽  
Julia Kubanek ◽  
John E. Coleman ◽  
Jana Pika ◽  
Raymond J. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Northeastern Pacific ◽  
First Time

Chemical investigations of Cadlinaluteomarginata skin extracts, egg masses, and dietary sponges have led to the identification of the novel terpenoids cadlinaldehyde (30), spongian 32, seco-spongian 35, 20-acetoxy-12-marginatone (38), and lutenolide (39) from the nudibranch skin extracts, the new drimane sesquiterpenoid 1α,2α-diacetoxyalbicanyl acetate (40) from the nudibranch's egg mass, and the new sesquiterpenoids O-methyl-9-oxofurodysininlactone (47), 2-oxomicro-cionin-2-lactone (48), and O-methyl-2-oxomicrocionin-2-lactone (49), from the dietary sponge Pleraplysilla sp. The known terpenoids furodysinin (1), furodysin (16), marginatafuran (21), and 9,11-dihydrogracillin A (37), which have been frequently isolated from C. luteomarginata skin extracts, were found for the first time in extracts of the dietary sponges Pleraplysilla sp. and Aplysilla sp. One of the new terpenoids, cadlinaldehyde (30), has an unprecedented degraded sesterterpenoid skeleton. Keywords: nudibranch, sponge, terpenoids, structure elucidation.

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