scholarly journals Long-term memory in speech perception: Some new findings on talker variability, speaking rate and perceptual learning

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Pisoni
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Talker Variability ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
New Findings

Effects of Generation on Immediate Memory Span and Delayed Unexpected Free Recall

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schweickert ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel ◽  
Gregory Riegler
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Multiplicative Effects

We investigated the effects of generating words from fragments on pronunciation time, on immediate memory span, and on delayed free recall. Subjects read long words and short words aloud or generated them from strings with missing letters. Word-length and generation condition had multiplicative effects on speaking rate, as expected if each affected a separate process regulating the rate. We replicated the standard finding that span is smaller for longer words. Generation improved delayed free recall, indicating that relatively brief presentation times are adequate to produce a generation effect. Although generation improved long-term memory for the words, memory span was shorter for the words that were generated. The harmful effect of generation on span appears to be due to its slowing of speaking rate.

Temporal lobe speech perception systems are part of the verbal working memory circuit: Evidence from two recent fMRI studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Hickok ◽  
Bradley Buchsbaum
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Active State ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Circuit ◽  
Weak Evidence

In the verbal domain, there is only very weak evidence favoring the view that working memory is an active state of long-term memory. We strengthen existing evidence by reviewing two recent fMRI studies of verbal working memory, which clearly demonstrate activation in the superior temporal lobe, a region known to be involved in processing speech during comprehension tasks.

A Prospective Study of Some Effects of Aircraft Noise on Cognitive Performance in Schoolchildren

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staffan Hygge ◽  
Gary W. Evans ◽  
Monika Bullinger
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
And Control

Before the opening of the new Munich International Airport and the termination of the old airport, children near both sites were recruited into aircraft-noise groups (aircraft noise at present or pending) and control groups with no aircraft noise (closely matched for socioeconomic status). A total of 326 children (mean age = 10.4 years) took part in three data-collection waves, one before and two after the switch-over of the airports. After the switch, long-term memory and reading were impaired in the noise group at the new airport. and improved in the formerly noise-exposed group at the old airport. Short-term memory also improved in the latter group after the old airport was closed. At the new airport, speech perception was impaired in the newly noise-exposed group. Mediational analyses suggest that poorer reading was not mediated by speech perception, and that impaired recall was in part mediated by reading.

scholarly journals ELAV proteins bind and stabilize C/EBP mRNA in the induction of long-term memory in Aplysia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios A. Mirisis ◽  
Ashley M. Kopec ◽  
Thomas J. Carew
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
New Findings

AbstractLong-term memory (LTM) formation is a critical survival process by which an animal retains information about prior experiences in order to guide future behavior. In the experimentally advantageous marine mollusk Aplysia, LTM for sensitization can be induced by the presentation of two aversive shocks to the animal’s tail. Each of these training trials recruits distinct growth factor signaling systems that promote LTM formation. Specifically, whereas intact TrkB signaling during Trial 1 promotes an initial and transient increase of the immediate early gene apc/ebp mRNA, a prolonged increase in apc/ebp gene expression required for LTM formation requires the addition of TGFβ signaling during Trial 2. Here we explored the molecular mechanisms by which Trial 2 achieves the essential prolonged gene expression of apc/ebp. We find that this prolonged gene expression is not dependent on de novo transcription, but that apc/ebp mRNA synthesized by Trial 1 is post-transcriptionally stabilized by interacting with the RNA-binding protein ApELAV. This interaction is promoted by p38 MAPK activation initiated by TGFβ. We further demonstrate that blocking the interaction of ApELAV with its target mRNA during Trial 2 blocks both the prolonged increase in apc/ebp gene expression and the behavioral induction of LTM. Collectively, our findings elucidate both when and how ELAV proteins are recruited for the stabilization of mRNA in LTM formation.Significance StatementIn the present paper we significantly extend the general field of molecular processing in LTM by describing a novel form of pre-translational processing required for LTM which relies on the stabilization of a newly synthesized mRNA by a unique class of RNA binding proteins (ELAVs). In the broad field of molecular mechanisms of transcription-dependent LTM, there are now compelling data showing that important processing can occur after transcription of a gene, but before translation of the message into protein. Although the potential importance of ELAV proteins in LTM formation has previously been reported, to date there has been no mechanistic insight into the specific actions of ELAV proteins in stabilization of mRNAs known to be critical for LTM. Our new findings thus complement and extend this literature by demonstrating when and how this post-transcriptional gene regulation is mediated in the induction of LTM.

scholarly journals How long will long-term potentiation last?

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1432) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wickliffe C. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Mechanism ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
New Findings

The paramount feature of long-term potentiation (LTP) as a memory mechanism is its characteristic persistence over time. Although the basic phenomenology of LTP persistence was established 30 years ago, new insights have emerged recently about the extent of LTP persistence and its regulation by activity and experience. Thus, it is now evident that LTP, at least in the dentate gyrus, can either be decremental, lasting from hours to weeks, or stable, lasting months or longer. Although mechanisms engaged during the induction of LTP regulate its subsequent persistence, the maintenance of LTP is also governed by activity patterns post-induction, whether induced experimentally or generated by experience. These new findings establish dentate gyrus LTP as a useful model system for studying the mechanisms governing the induction, maintenance and interference with long-term memory, including very long-term memory lasting months or longer. The challenge is to study LTP persistence in other brain areas, and to relate, if possible, the properties and regulation of LTP maintenance to these same properties of the information that is actually stored in those regions.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

Retrieval from Memory or Procedural Strategies for Addition Problems

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Fanget ◽  
Catherine Thevenot ◽  
Caroline Castel ◽  
Michel Fayol
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Simple Addition ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Addition Problem ◽  
Retrieval From Memory ◽  
Calculation Procedures

In this study, we used a paradigm recently developed ( Thevenot, Fanget, & Fayol, 2007 ) to determine whether 10-year-old children solve simple addition problems by retrieval of the answer from long-term memory or by calculation procedures. Our paradigm is unique in that it does not rely on reaction times or verbal reports, which are known to potentially bias the results, especially in children. Rather, it takes advantage of the fact that calculation procedures degrade the memory traces of the operands, so that it is more difficult to recognize them when they have been involved in the solution of an addition problem by calculation rather than by retrieval. The present study sharpens the current conclusions in the literature and shows that, when the sum of addition problems is up to 10, children mainly use retrieval, but when it is greater than 10, they mainly use calculation procedures.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

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