Colonization of maize roots by VAM-fungi under conditions of long-term fertilization of varying intensity

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gryndler ◽  
J. Leština ◽  
V. Moravec ◽  
Z. Přikryl ◽  
J. Lipavský
Keyword(s):  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Maize Roots

Suppression of VAM fungi and micronutrient uptake by low-level P fertilization in long-term wheat rotations

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jill Clapperton ◽  
H. Henry Janzen ◽  
Adrian M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Micronutrient Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Application

AbstractThe long-term effects of cropping practices on plant-available micronutrient concentrations in soils of the northern Great Plains of North America have not been adequately determined. We measured micronutrient uptake by wheat in a crop rotation experiment established at Lethbridge, Alberta in 1911. Phosphorus application at low rates (20 kg P ha-1 yr-1) since 1972 suppressed uptake of Zn, Cu, and Ca in the two years in which they were measured, 1991 and 1993. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are plant symbiotic fungi that are known to increase the uptake of relatively immobile micronutrients such as Cu, P, and Zn. The functioning of these fungi is known to be affected by high-levels of P fertilization. Assessment of wheat roots showed that low-level P fertilization had significantly reduced the length of root colonized and the percentage of roots colonized by VAM fungi. The results show the importance of considering microbial ecology when assessing the effects of agricultural practices, including low-input practices, on soil productivity and crop nutrient value.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Residues in Soil and Accumulation in Maize at Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation Area in Tongliao, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yintao Lu ◽  
Hong Yao ◽  
Dan Shan ◽  
Yichen Jiang ◽  
Shichao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Translocation Factors

Soil and plant samples were collected from Tongliao, China, during the maize growth cycle between May and October 2010. Heavy metals, such as Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn, were analyzed. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the wastewater-irrigated area were higher than those in the topsoil from the groundwater-irrigated area. The concentrations of metals in the maize increased as follows: Pb < Ni < Zn < Cr. In addition, Cr, Pb, and Ni mainly accumulated in the maize roots, and Zn mainly accumulated in the maize fruit. The results of translocation factors (TF) and bioconcentration factors (BCF) of maize for heavy metals revealed that maize is an excluder plant and a potential accumulator plant and can serve as an ideal slope remediation plant. In addition, the increasing heavy metal contents in soils that have been polluted by wastewater irrigation must result in the accumulation of Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in maize. Thus, the pollution level can be decreased by harvesting and disposing of and recovering the plant material.

scholarly journals Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal Peat-based Substrates Enhance Symbiosis Establishment and Growth of Three Micropropagated Species

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
S. Parent ◽  
A. Gosselin ◽  
Y. Desjardins
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gerbera Jamesonii ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Ornamental Species ◽  
Term Benefit

Micropropagated plantlets of Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. F. `Terra Mix', Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott `Florida Ruffles', and Syngonium podophyllum Schott `White Butterfly' were inoculated with two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith and G. vesiculiferum Gerderman and Trappe. They were potted in three peat-based media to determine the effects of mycorrhizal peat substrate on acclimatization and subsequent growth of micropropagated plantlets under greenhouse conditions. Symbiosis was established between the three ornamental species and VAM fungi within 4 to 8 weeks of culture in the greenhouse, but not during acclimatization. Mortality of Gerbera and Nephrolepis mycorrhizal plantlets was reduced at week 8 compared to the noninoculated control. A peat-based substrate low in P and with good aeration improved VAM fungi spread and efficiency. Mycorrhizal substrates had a long-term benefit of increasing leaf and root dry weight of Gerbera and Nephrolepis. Mycorrhizal Gerbera plants flowered significantly faster than non-mycorrhizal plants.

scholarly journals Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and maize after 17-year pig manure application in Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changrui Zhou ◽  
Qiang Ma ◽  
Wantai Yu ◽  
Zhuqing Xia ◽  
Chuanchuan Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Total N ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Term Field

Application of composted pig manure (PM) is a traditional practice to improve soil fertility, whereas generally leads to some environmental questions. The effects of PM application on Cd, Cu and Zn accumulation in soil and maize were investigated based on a long-term field trial in Northeast China, including control (CK), PM<sub>L</sub>, PM<sub>M</sub>, and PM<sub>H</sub>, receiving 0, 100, 250 and 500 kg total N/ha/year from 2002 to 2008 and 0, 10, 25 and 50 t fresh weight/ha/year from 2009 to 2018, respectively. Results showed that long-term soil application of PM increased maize grain yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, coupled with significant accumulation and availability of Cd, Cu, and Zn in soil (0–15 cm). Compared with CK, the soil total Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations significantly increased by 105, 287 and 108% at high PM rate, respectively. Notably, the increments enhanced these heavy metals storage in maize roots rather than in grains. Moreover, the application of PM confirmed vertical transport of heavy metals in the tested soil, particularly for Cd and Cu in PM<sub>H</sub> treatment. Overall, the repeated application of PM can cause the accumulation and leaching of Cd, Cu and Zn in soil.

Impact of fusaproliferin on primary roots of maize cultivars differing in their susceptibility to Fusarium

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Pavlovkin ◽  
Katarína Jašková ◽  
Ingrid Mistríková ◽  
Ladislav Tamás
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Passive Component ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Maize Roots

AbstractEffects of fusaproliferin (FUS) on membrane potential (E M), electrolyte leakage, enzymes activity and respiration of roots, were studied in two maize cultivars (Zea mays L.), differing in their susceptibility to this toxin. In short-term experiments (≤ 6 h), E M has been rapidly and significantly depolarized by FUS. The rapidity of E M depolarization in tolerant cv. Lucia was more expressive in comparison with susceptible cv. Pavla, but the extent of E M depolarization was higher in cv. Pavla. In both maize cultivars, higher depolarization of E M was registered in cells of root zone I. In long-term experiments after the first E M depolarization, which occurred during the first 6 h of FUS treatment, gradual depolarization continued up to 24 h and was represented not only by the active component (E P) but also by the passive component (E D) of E M. The decrease in E M and E D was followed by a loss of K+ ions from FUS treated roots of both cultivars. The leak of K+ ions from the root cells of both root zones as well as both maize cultivars increased with the time of FUS treatment and was significantly higher in susceptible cv. Pavla than in tolerant cv. Lucia. FUS treatment of maize roots resulted in a significant decrease of root respiration which was higher in susceptible cv. Pavla than in tolerant cv. Lucia.The analysis of enzyme activities revealed that FUS significantly stimulated POD activity in both maize cultivars. SOD activity was significantly increased only in susceptible cv. Pavla, while APX activity was not affected by the presence of FUS. GST activity was specifically induced by FUS only in tolerant cv. Lucia.Due to the observed correlation between the extent of depolarization and the sensitivity of the studied maize cultivars to fusaproliferin, the E M parameters should be used for rapid screening of FUS-resistant cultivars for agricultural practice.

scholarly journals Mobility and Phytoavailability of Arsenic and Cadmium at the Soil-corn Interface in Sewage Irrigation Polluted Farmlands Northwest, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Ning ◽  
Shengli Wang ◽  
Yi Wu ◽  
Mengbo Liu ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Sewage Irrigation ◽  
Farmland Soil ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Migration Law

Abstract The activity of heavy metals in farmland soil and the safety of food crops after long-term sewage irrigation are the premise of sustainable development of agriculture. The major pollutants of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in farmland-corn system affected by sewage irrigation for 40 years were studied. The results showed that although the content of total As in soil was high, the absorption and transport of total As by corn were relatively small, and As could not migrate down the soil profile. On the contrary, Cd mainly exists in the form of exchangeable and carbonate-bound which has strong fluidity. By optimizing the method of investigating the bioavailability of pollutants and systematically and comprehensively studying the migration law of pollutants in various parts of maize tissues, it is concluded that Cd still has high activity after stopping sewage irrigation, and the development process of maize roots has a significant relationship between the contact of heavy metals in the surface soil and the enrichment of heavy metals in the upper part of corn tissues (p < 0.01). Therefore, this study can increase the understanding of the migration law of pollutants in corn, and provide a basis for remediation of contaminated soil in local and other areas.

scholarly journals 122 THE INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND VAM FUNGI ON DIURNAL LEAF GAS EXCHANGE OF `EUREKA' LEMON TREES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 445g-446
Author(s):  
Chris A. Martin ◽  
Jean C. Stutx ◽  
Richard L. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Use Efficiency

Eureka lemon (Citrus limon L. `Eureka') trees were inoculated with ecotypes of VAM fungi isolated from either a subtropical desert (HVAM) or a temperate grassland (LVAM), and grown for five months at 40.5C/32.2C (high) or 29.4C/21.1C (low) day/night, respectively. Diurnal measurements of leaf carbon assimilation (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) were then made with a portable photosynthesis system. At high temperatures, afternoon A, E and gs were highest for trees inoculated with LVAM and lowest for trees inoculated with HVAM. At low temperatures, afternoon A, E and gs were highest for trees inoculated with HVAM and lowest for trees inoculated with LVAM. Compared to controls, trees inoculated with HVAM and LVAM displayed rapid mid-day fluctuations in stomatal conductance. At low temperatures, water use efficiency (WUE) during the morning was lowest for trees inoculated with LVAM; whereas, afternoon WUE was not affected by HVAM or LVAM. HVAM and LVAM did not affect WUE at high temperatures. Results indicate that long-term physiological adaptations of lemon trees to temperature are uniquely affected by different VAM fungal ecotypes.

Response to oxygen deficiency in primary maize roots. II. Development of oxygen deficiency in the stele has limited short-term impact on radial hydraulic conductivity

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gibbs ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
W. Armstrong ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
H. Greenway
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Dissolved O2

The short-term impact of oxygen deficiency on root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr), was evaluated in excised maize roots using hydrostatic and osmotic driving forces, after exposing the roots to a flowing medium containing 0.05 mol m-3 dissolved O2. Hypoxia reduced hydrostatically-determined Lpr of roots in a pressure probe, but this reduction was transient, usually recovering to values for aerated roots after 4–6 h of exposure to 0.05 mol m-3 O2. The Lpr of exuding maize roots, calculated using the rate of exudation and osmotic pressure of exuding sap, was depressed after 24 h exposure to 0.05 mol m-3 dissolved O2, but only marginally so. The data suggested that a reduction in Lpr is not a principal effect of exposure of these roots to hypoxia, and that long term changes in water fluxes in O2 deficient roots, reported in the literature, may be an indirect, rather than direct effect of O2 deficiency on roots. Despite a similar response to O2 deficiency, Lpr calculated for exuding roots was 1/30th of that for roots attached to the pressure probe. The reduction in hydrostatically determined Lpr in response to O2 deficiency, although transient, suggests that under a hydrostatic driving force, there is a substantial flow of water via the protoplastic pathway, in addition to the generally accepted apoplastic component.

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