Sublethal Toxicity of Organophosphate Pesticides and its Effect on Hematology Parameter, Histopatology Hematopoietic Organ of Silver Rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia)

Pesticides are pollutants that are found in rice fields and rivers. Pesticides that are often used by farmers in Indonesia in eradicating insects are organophosphate insecticides, where they can eradicate insects that are very toxic to fish due to strong neurotoxic substances that inhibit AchE (Acetylcholinesterase) activity. The research aims to examine the effect of organophosphate pesticides on hematology and histopathology of hematopoietic organs in silver rasbora fish. The research method used is an experimental method with a CRD. The parameters observed were hematology and histopathology hematopoietic organ (liver and kidney). The results of this study showed a hematological change in silver rasbora fish where there was a decrease in total erythrocytes (0,59±0,004) and hemoglobin (2,5±0,1) while total leukocytes increased (245,35±15,78). Also, there are differential changes in leukocytes, namely an increased in the number of monocytes (5±1) and neutrophils (24±3), but lymphocytes have decreased in number (72±1). The Histopathology of the fish liver also can found in this research, those damages that are found are erythrocyte infiltration, necrosis picnosis, and karyolysis. Histopathology of fish kidney also can found cloudy sweling, necrosis karyolysis and tubular necrosis.

STATUS KESEHATAN IKAN LELE (Clarias gariepinus) YANG MENERIMA PAKAN BERSUPLEMEN KOMBINASI DAUN SIRIH (Piper betler leaf), JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava leaf), DAN KIPAHIT (Tithonia diversifolia leaf)

Tanaman obat telah banyak digunakan sebagai bahan pencegah dan pengobatan penyakit pada ikan budidaya. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui status kesehatan ikan lele (C. gariepinus) yang menerima pakan dengan suplemen tanaman obat kombinasi dari daun sirih, jambu biji, dan kipahit melalui pengamatan gambaran darah dan histologi ginjal sebagai organ yang memproduksi darah. Kombinasi satu merupakan kombinasi dari ketiga daun tanaman obat masing-masing sebanyak 33%, kombinasi dua juga terdiri dari daun sirih, jambu biji, dan kipahit masing-masing sebanyak 5%:19%:76%, dan kontrol yaitu pakan tanpa penambahan tanaman obat. Gambaran darah dan histologi ginjal diamati pada minggu ketiga setelah pemberian pakan. Hasil pengamatan gambaran darah menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan jumlah sel darah merah pada ikan yang menerima pakan perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kontrol (0,4 ± 0,14). Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata antara jumlah sel darah merah dari kelompok perlakuan kombinasi satu dan dua (1,5 ± 0,17 dan 1,4 ± 0,1). Jumlah sel darah putih pada kelompok perlakuan juga meningkat dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (10,5 ± 0,46), namun tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata antara kelompok perlakuan kombinasi satu dan dua (15,1 ± 1,19 dan 17,6 ± 1,14). Hasil pengamatan histologi terlihat jaringan hematopoietik organ ginjal dari kelompok yang menerima perlakuan berproliferasi lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Namun tidak ada pengaruh pada nilai hemoglobin dan persentase leukosit diferensiasi antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Penambahan daun tanaman obat dalam pakan ikan mampu meningkakan status kesehatan dari ikan lele.Medicinal herbs have been traditionally used as prophylactic and therapeutic supplement to treat diseases in aquaculture. This study was aimed to improve the health quality of catfish (C. gariepinus) through feeding on diets enriched with a combination of betel, guava, and tithonia as medicine by analyzing hematology and histology of kidney as blood producing organ. Diet-one was feed enrich with 33% of each plant. Diet-two was feed enriched with betel, guava, and tithonia at a proportion of 5%,19%, and 76%, respectively. Control diet was fed without the plants’ supplementation. Hematology and histology of fish kidney were observed after fish received three-week feed treatments. The results showed that there was an increase of erythrocyte levels in the treated fish groups fed with diet-one and diet-two compared with the control (0.4 ± 0.14). However, no significant differences of erythrocyte level were observed between fish groups fed with diet -one and die-two (1.5 ± 0.17 and 1.4 ± 0.1). Leucocyte levels also increased in the treated fish group with diet-one and diet-two compared to the control (10.5 ± 0.46). However, there was no significant difference of leucocyte level between the fish group feed with diet-one and diet-two (15.1 ± 1.19 and 17.6 ± 1.14). Histological observations found that there were more hematopoietic tissues in the fish kidney of proliferated treated group than the control group. However, there was no effect on hemoglobin level and leukocyte percentage differentiation between the treatment and control groups. This study concludes that medicinal herbs as enrichment ingredients in fish diet can increase the health quality of fish.

Development of anti-Aeromonas hydrophila serum from Rabbits

An experiment was conducted to prepare anti-Aeromonas hydrophila serum in two rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Formalin killed cell (FKC) and heat killed cell (HKC) were prepared by adding 0.5% formalin and 2.5 h heat treatment at 60°C of freshly cultured Aeromonas hydrophila (AQC810) isolated from naturally infected koi fish kidney respectively. Slide agglutination tests were performed for the determination of the presence of specific antibody against Aeromonas hydrophila in the serum collected from the blood of pre-immune rabbits or post immune rabbits. No agglutination of pre-immune serum with the homologous antigen proved that the rabbits had no previous Aeromonas contamination. Rabbits were injected subcutaneously with the FKC added with same amount of Freund’s complete adjuvant. Three booster doses were given without the adjuvant at weekly intervals after second week of first injection. Agglutination titration of anti-Aeromonas hydrophila rabbit serum against HKC and FKC of homologous bacteria showed that the titers increased with the post inoculation days which rose at their peak during the fifth week of immunization and after three consecutive booster doses at weekly intervals starting from second week of first immunization. Rabbits were sacrificed after six weeks of immunization, whole blood, collected and centrifuged to accumulate the serum that were complementinactivated by heating to 58ºC for 30 min and stored at -20°C in appendorph tubes, with the aim of rapid diagnosis of Aeromonas infections in fishes. Result of this study would initiate the way of vaccine development against MAS (motile Aeromonas septicemia) in the aquaculture fishes of Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(1): 137-145, April 2018

Anatomical and Histological Structure of Black Pomfret Fish Kidney (Formio niger)

Black pomfret is one of the many fish species found in the southern sea. Pomfret has high economic value and is an active swimmer that has fast growth rate, resistant to disease, and easy to maintain. The purpose of this research was to know the structure of anatomy and histology of black pomfret’s kidney. Histological slides were made using paraffin method and stain with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The results showed that kidney of black pomfret have a soft texture, and the colour is red degradation brown. Histologically, the kidney is found a glomerolous, tubules and lymphoid tissues.

13. The Amount of Melanomacrophage centres (MMC) in Liver and Kidneys of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Maintained in Various Population Density

The aim of this research was to find out the amount of melanomacrophage centres (MMC) in liver and kidney of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish reared in high dense population. Fifty nile tilapia were grouped in four treatment groups, group I contain 5 fish, group II contain 10 fish, group III contain 15 fish and group IV contain 20 fish. Treatment was carried out for 24 hours. Fish was necropsied to collect the liver and kidney, fixed in NBF 10% then proceed to histopathological method using hematoxilin and eosin for staining. Histopathological observation was done microscopically, and MMC was captured by photomicrograph. The data were analyzed descriptively. The result showed that the average of MMC number in fish liver in group K1, K2, K3, and K4 were 9.6, 11.3, 12.6, and 13.2. While the average of MMC number in fish kidney were 5.5, 7.7, 8.5, and 9.2, respectively. The higher the dense of population the higher the amount of MMC found in liver and kidney of nile tilapia.

An anion induced multisignaling probe for Hg2+ and its application for fish kidney and liver tissue imaging studies

A highly efficient binder for the selective recognition and determination of Hg(NO3)2 concentration in kidney and liver tissues of fish using a fluorescence method is described.

Development and Validation of a Method for the Simultaneous Determination and Confirmation of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Fish Kidney by LC/MS/MS

A method was validated to simultaneously determine and confirm melamine and cyanuric acid in fish kidneys by LC/MS/MS. This method is capable of detecting both compounds in a single procedure, whether present as free compounds or bound together as the melamine–cyanurate complex in both channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kidneys. Residues are extracted with no additional cleanup and analyzed by LC/MS/MS using external standard calibration. The method is capable of quantifying residues over a range of 0.4 to 50 μg/g. For both compounds and species of fish tested, the LOD is estimated to be 0.1 μg/g and the LOQ 0.4 μg/g. Recoveries and RSDs are 83 to 101% and 2 to 8%, respectively. In catfish, matrix effects are higher for melamine than cyanuric acid. In rainbow trout, similar matrix effects are found for both compounds.

Comparative Summary of the Fish Renal Structure, Using the Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) as the Reference Model

Fish renal morphology has been studied since the 1960’s, but is still incomplete for most species, even for some of the most studied. The functional and morphological diversity and specialization of the fish kidney, due to environmental adaptations, makes this a large subject that remains understudied. References to studies on fish renal structure are given in Table 1. Although authors as Hentschel and Elger contributed to the knowledge of fish renal morphology in a comparative perspective, the knowledge concerning this issue is still reduced. Here we give a short comparative summary of fish renal morphology, using as baseline model the brown trout.