Biochemical validation of smoking status: Pros, cons, and data from four low-intensity intervention trials

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell E. Glasgow ◽  
John P. Mullooly ◽  
Thomas M. Vogt ◽  
Victor J. Stevens ◽  
Edward Lichtenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Biochemical Validation ◽  
Intervention Trials

scholarly journals A novel role for vaping in mitochondrial gene dysregulation and inflammation fundamental to disease development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Tommasi ◽  
Niccolo Pabustan ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Yibu Chen ◽  
Kimberly D. Siegmund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Networks ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Gene Dysregulation ◽  
Biochemical Validation ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Signaling Organelles

AbstractWe constructed and analyzed the whole transcriptome in leukocytes of healthy adult vapers (with/without a history of smoking), ‘exclusive’ cigarette smokers, and controls (non-users of any tobacco products). Furthermore, we performed single-gene validation of expression data, and biochemical validation of vaping/smoking status by plasma cotinine measurement. Computational modeling, combining primary analysis (age- and sex-adjusted limmaVoom) and sensitivity analysis (cumulative e-liquid- and pack-year modeling), revealed that ‘current’ vaping, but not ‘past’ smoking, is significantly associated with gene dysregulation in vapers. Comparative analysis of the gene networks and canonical pathways dysregulated in vapers and smokers showed strikingly similar patterns in the two groups, although the extent of transcriptomic changes was more pronounced in smokers than vapers. Of significance is the preferential targeting of mitochondrial genes in both vapers and smokers, concurrent with impaired functional networks, which drive mitochondrial DNA-related disorders. Equally significant is the dysregulation of immune response genes in vapers and smokers, modulated by upstream cytokines, including members of the interleukin and interferon family, which play a crucial role in inflammation. Our findings accord with the growing evidence on the central role of mitochondria as signaling organelles involved in immunity and inflammatory response, which are fundamental to disease development.

scholarly journals Perinatal Biochemical Confirmation of Smoking Status by Trimester

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Ashford ◽  
Amanda Wiggins ◽  
Emily Rayens ◽  
Sara Assef ◽  
Amanda Fallin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Prenatal Smoking ◽  
Urine Cotinine ◽  
Biochemical Validation ◽  
Misclassification Rates

Abstract Introduction: Tobacco use during pregnancy is the most modifiable risk factor associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Self-reported tobacco use has been demonstrated to have high misclassification rates. The aims were to examine misclassification rates of perinatal tobacco use during each trimester of pregnancy and 8 weeks postpartum, and to evaluate characteristics associated with misclassification of tobacco use status. Methods: This is secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter trial of pregnant women, and it includes participants who were biochemically identified as tobacco users during their first trimester (N = 103). Each trimester and once postpartum, tobacco use was assessed via self-report and validated using a cutoff of 100 ng/mL for urine cotinine via NicAlert test strips to indicate current use. Those who self-reported as nonusers but were identified as users via urine cotinine were considered misclassified; misclassification rates were determined for each time period. Logistic regression assessed maternal factors associated with misclassification status. Results: Misclassification rates declined from 35.0% at first trimester to 31.9% and 26.6% at the second and third; the postpartum rate was 30.4%. These rates did not differ significantly from each other at the 0.05 level. Race/ethnicity was associated with misclassification status; white/non-Hispanic women were 87% less likely to be misclassified (p < .001). Conclusion: Misclassification of prenatal smoking status decreases as pregnancy progresses, though the observed rate change was not significant. Minority women may be at particular risk for non-disclosure of tobacco use. Biochemical validation should be considered when assessing perinatal tobacco use via self-report, given high misclassification rates throughout the perinatal period. Implications: These results demonstrate that regardless of trimester, more than one-quarter of tobacco-using pregnant women may not disclose tobacco use throughout pregnancy and early postpartum. Although the rate of misclassification decreased from first to third trimester and then increased in the immediate postpartum, these changes in misclassification rates were not significant. Minority groups may be at particular risk of misclassification compared with white/non-Hispanic women. Biochemical validation is warranted throughout pregnancy to encourage cessation as tobacco use is one of the most easily-modified risk factors for poor birth outcomes.

scholarly journals Smoking and Long-Term Sick Leave in a Japanese Working Population: Findings of the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Hori ◽  
Yosuke Inoue ◽  
Keisuke Kuwahara ◽  
Naoki Kunugita ◽  
Shamima Akter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sick Leave ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Never Smokers

Abstract Background Few studies have investigated the association between tobacco smoking and sick leave (SL) in Japan. Methods We followed 70 896 workers aged 20–59 years (60 133 males, 10 763 females) between April 2012 and March 2017. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the associations between smoking (smoking status and intensity) and long-term SL (ie, SL lasting ≥30 consecutive days). Cause-specific analyses were also conducted. Results A total of 1777 people took long-term SL during a follow-up of 307 749 person years. Compared with never-smokers, current smokers were at a higher risk of long-term SL (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19 to 1.48). Cause-specific analyses revealed that current smoking was associated with a higher risk of SL due to all physical disorders (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.69), cancer (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.01), cardiovascular disease (CVD; HR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.31 to 3.55), and injuries/external causes (HR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.31 to 2.58). Former smokers were at a higher risk of SL due to cancer at a borderline significance level (HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.92). Low-intensity smoking (ie, 1–10 cigarettes smoked per day) was associated with all-cause SL, SL due to CVD, and SL due to injuries/external causes compared with never-smokers. Conclusion In a large cohort of working-age Japanese, smoking was associated with a greater risk of long-term SL. Greater effort is needed to mitigate disease burden associated with smoking at workplace in Japan. Implications Our study contributes to the literature on the association between smoking and SL in several ways. First, the study was conducted among a Japanese working population. While the association has been extensively studied in Western setting, few attempts have been made elsewhere. Second, cause-specific analyses were undertaken in our study. Third, we paid attention to the effect of low-intensity smoking on SL given that there is growing evidence of an elevated health risk associated with low-intensity smoking.

scholarly journals Long- and Short-term Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Circulating Concentrations of B Vitamins

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arve Ulvik ◽  
Marta Ebbing ◽  
Steinar Hustad ◽  
Øivind Midttun ◽  
Ottar Nygård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Functional Marker ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
B Vitamin ◽  
Short Term Effects

Abstract Background: Smoking is associated with decreased concentrations of several antioxidant vitamins. We sought to determine the relation between circulating concentrations of selected B vitamins and smoking status, with particular attention to longitudinal associations. Methods: We used baseline data from 2 B-vitamin intervention trials that included 6837 patients with ischemic heart disease. Smoking habits were ascertained by interview. Vitamins and metabolites, including the nicotine metabolite cotinine, were measured in plasma and serum by microbiological assays or gas/liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The highest circulating concentrations of folate and pyridoxal 5′phosphate (PLP) and lowest concentrations of total plasma homocysteine, a functional marker of folate status, were observed for self-reported never smokers, followed by self-reported ex-smokers and current smokers (Ptrend < 0.001). Cobalamin and its functional marker methylmalonic acid were not associated with smoking status. Based on their low cotinine concentrations, we were able to identify a group of smokers that had abstained from smoking for 3 days or more. Compared with smokers with high plasma cotinine, smokers with low cotinine had significantly higher circulating concentrations of folate, PLP, and riboflavin (all P < 0.005), and this trend continued for ex-smokers, with increasing time since smoking cessation. Conclusions: Smoking lowered circulating concentrations of folate, PLP, and riboflavin, but concentrations increased significantly after a few days of smoking cessation. We propose that short-term effects may be related to acute smoking-induced oxidative stress, whereas the longer-lasting effects among ex-smokers may reflect changes in diet and/or restoration of vitamin concentrations in tissue during the first few months to years after smoking cessation.

scholarly journals ApoE genotype, cardiovascular risk and responsiveness to dietary fat manipulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Minihane ◽  
L. Jofre-Monseny ◽  
E. Olano-Martin ◽  
G. Rimbach
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
The Impact

Cardiovascular risk is determined by the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The apoE genotype represents the most-widely-studied single nucleotide polymorphism in relation to CVD risk, with >3600 publications cited in PubMed. Although originally described as a mediator of lipoprotein metabolism, the lipoprotein-independent functions of apoE are being increasingly recognised, with limited data available on the potential impact of genotype on these metabolic processes. Furthermore, although meta-analyses suggest that apoE4 carriers may have a 40–50% increased CVD risk, the associations reported in individual studies are highly heterogeneous and it is recognised that environmental factors such as smoking status and dietary fat composition influence genotype–phenotype associations. However, information is often derived from observational studies or small intervention trials in which retrospective genotyping of the cohort results in small group sizes in the rarer E2 and E4 subgroups. Either larger well-standardised intervention trials or smaller trials with prospective recruitment according to apoE genotype are needed to fully establish the impact of diet on genotype–CVD associations and to establish the potential of dietary strategies such as reduced total fat, saturated fat, or increased antioxidant intakes to counteract the increased CVD burden in apoE4 carriers.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Validity of Self-Report as a Measure of Smoking Status in Patients Post-Myocardial Infarction

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Grandi ◽  
André Gervais ◽  
Lawrence Joseph ◽  
Jennifer O'Loughlin ◽  
Gilles Paradis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biochemical Validation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Routine Assessment

Self-report is the standard method for assessment of smoking status in the outpatient setting for myocardial infarction (MI) patients. However, the validity of self-report in this patient population has not been previously investigated. Using data from a double-blind, placebocontrolled, randomized trial we examined the validity of self-report for assessment of smoking status in an outpatient setting for MI patients. Smoking was assessed by self-report and biochemical validation by expired carbon monoxide (CO). Abstinence was defined by a selfreport of no cigarettes smoked in the past week and a CO level of less than or equal to 10 parts per million (ppm). At 12 months, number of cigarettes smoked was positively correlated with CO level (r = 0.70). Results show that biochemical validation by CO does not substantially increase the likelihood of detecting smokers in MI patients. However, it may discourage patients from denying their smoking status and therefore should be considered for routine assessment of smoking status in the outpatient cardiac setting. Current clinical guidelines for secondary prevention in myocardial infarction (MI) patients recommend routine assessment of smoking status.1 In clinical trials, biochemical validation in conjunction with self-report is the conventional method for assessment of smoking status.2–4 In the outpatient

scholarly journals Outcomes of Exogen low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the management of delayed union following elective foot and ankle surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0042
Author(s):  
Ashley Scrimshire ◽  
Paulo Torres ◽  
Michal Koziara ◽  
Jack Allport
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Corrective Osteotomy ◽  
Delayed Union ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Union Rate ◽  
Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Ankle Surgery

Category: Basic Sciences/Biologics Introduction/Purpose: Exogen low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy is well established in the management of fracture delayed or non-union. Its use in trauma has recently been recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in England. In comparison the use of Exogen for managing delayed union following elective foot and ankle surgery has not previously been reported in the literature. We aim to review the indications for and outcomes following Exogen therapy for managing delayed union following elective foot and ankle surgery in our English tertiary referral centre. Methods: Case notes and imaging were reviewed for all patients receiving Exogen therapy following elective foot and ankle surgery from July 2012 - July 2017 in our centre. Data were collected on patient demographics, smoking status, comorbidities, indications for and type of surgery performed, duration of Exogen therapy and final outcomes. Union was confirmed radiologically and clinically. Results: 58 patients were included, 18 smokers and 8 diabetic. The mean age was 55 years. 50 underwent an arthrodesis, 8 an osteotomy. Exogen was started a mean of 244-days post-operatively. 24 patients went on to complete union; a further 7 were showing good progress towards union. When grouped together the union rate was 53.4% (n=31). Complete union took a mean of 177-days (range 44–441). The non-union rate was 46.6% (n=27) despite a mean of 330-days treatment (range 72–1112). 1 was complicated by infection. There were no significant differences in age, time to commencing Exogen, number of smokers or diabetics between the groups. The non-union group had significantly longer treatment (p=0.003). Union was more likely following an osteotomy (n=6/8,75%) or surgery to the hindfoot (n=6/7,86%). Conclusion: We have found Exogen can be beneficial in managing delayed union following elective foot and ankle surgery for over half of patients. This can potentially reduce the number of revision surgeries required. We found no correlation between patient age, smoking or diabetes in outcome. Union was more likely following a corrective osteotomy or surgery to the hindfoot. This data can help inform clinicians in their decision-making and in counselling patients.

scholarly journals Incidence and predictors of mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elita Smiley ◽  
Sally-Ann Cooper ◽  
Janet Finlayson ◽  
Alison Jackson ◽  
Linda Allan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Problem Behaviours ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Proactive Measures ◽  
Intervention Trials

BackgroundThe point prevalence of mental ill-health among adults with intellectual disabilities is 40.9%, but its incidence is unknown.AimsTo determine the incidence and possible predictors of mental ill-health.MethodProspective cohort study to measure mental ill-health in adults with mild to profound intellectual disabilities.ResultsCohort retention was 70% (n=651). The 2-year incidence of mental ill-health was 16.3% (12.6% excluding problem behaviours, and 4.6% for problem behaviours) and the standardised incidence ratio was 1.87 (95%CI1.51 2.28). Factors related to incident mental ill-health have some similarities with those in the general population, but also important differences. Type of accommodation and support, previous mental ill-health, urinary incontinence, not having impaired mobility, more severe intellectual disabilities, adult abuse, parental divorce in childhood and preceding life events predicted incident ill-health; however, deprivation, other childhood abuse or adversity, daytime occupation, and marital and smoking status did not.ConclusionsThis is a first step towards intervention trials, and identifying sub-populations for more proactive measures. Public health strategy and policy that is appropriate for this population should be developed.

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