Urea treatment of green panic: effect on in vivo digestibility and on digesta mean retention time

1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Silanikove ◽  
A. Brosh ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Mean Retention Time

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling of digesta passage rate, mean retention time and in vivo apparent digestibility of two different lengths of hay and big-bale grass silage in ponies

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. S. Moore-Colyer ◽  
H. J. Morrow ◽  
A. C. Longland
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Grass Hay

Welsh-cross pony geldings (about 300kg live weight) were used in a 4×4 Latin square experiment to determine the rate of passage and apparent digestibility of unchopped big-bale grass silage (BBL), chopped big-bale grass silage (BBS), unchopped grass hay (HL) and chopped grass hay (HS) offered at approximately 15g/kg live weight per d. On day 1 of collection weeks, ponies were fed 85g ytterbium chloride hexahydrate-marked feed 1·5h after the morning meal. Total faecal collections commenced 8h later and continued for 168h. Apparent digestibilities of feed DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP, N×6·25), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) were also determined. Faecal excretion data were subjected to the models of Pond et al. (1988) and digesta mean retention time (MRT) calculated from these models and using the algebraic method of Thielmans et al. (1978). Silage had significantly (P<0·05) higher digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, ADF and NDF than hay; however, chop length had no effect. All the models of Pond et al. (1988) accurately described (R2>0·8) the pattern of faecal marker excretion. MRT of BBL (29·0h)>BBS(27h)>HS and HL (26h). Compartmental analysis using the G3 model of Pond et al. (1988) showed BBL and HS diets had longer MRT in the time-dependent compartment, whereas BBS and HL had longer MRT in the time-independent compartment. Results from this experiment indicate that BBL and BBS are readily accepted and digested by ponies. While Yb is a successful external marker for determining total tract MRT and for modelling faecal excretion curves in horses, the results did not allow any definite conclusions to be drawn on digesta MRT within the different compartments of the equid gut.

Intake, rumen volume, retention time and digestibility of diets based on poultry litter and wheat straw in beef cows before and after calving

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brosh ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Aharoni ◽  
D. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Volume Retention

SUMMARYBeef cows in the 14 weeks before calving and during the first 12 weeks after calving were fed one of three diets based on 15, 30 and 45 % broilers poultry litter (PL), 20 % maize grain (MG) and 65, 50 and 35% wheat straw (WS) on a DM basis, respectively. They were housed from June to November in individual open pens. Four weeks before and 9 weeks after calving, in vivo digestibility, fibre and fluid mean retention time (MRT) were measured. The intake of all diets before calving was low. Nine weeks after calving the intake of DM increased 2·1 times on the 15% PL diet, and 1·6 times on the two other diets. The in vivo digestibility of the 15% PL diets was lower than that of the two other diets before calving, and increased after calving, in spite of the doubling of its intake, while that of the 45% PL diet decreased. The mean retention time of fibre in the digestive tract was not affected by the increase in DM intake after calving on the 15 % PL diet and was shortened on the two other diets. It seems that the combination of the volume taken up by the gravid uterus and the bulkiness of the 15% PL diets (65% WS) reduced the intake and impaired the digestibility of that diet before calving. After calving, the fibre pool increased considerably and consequently both intake and digestibility were increased.

scholarly journals Nanocrystal-Loaded Micelles for the Enhanced In Vivo Circulation of Docetaxel

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4481
Author(s):  
Meng Cheng ◽  
Qiaoming Liu ◽  
Tiantian Gan ◽  
Yuanying Fang ◽  
Pengfei Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Crystalline State ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Rapid Dissolution ◽  
Efficient Route

Prolonging in vivo circulation has proved to be an efficient route for enhancing the therapeutic effect of rapidly metabolized drugs. In this study, we aimed to construct a nanocrystal-loaded micelles delivery system to enhance the blood circulation of docetaxel (DOC). We employed high-pressure homogenization to prepare docetaxel nanocrystals (DOC(Nc)), and then produced docetaxel nanocrystal-loaded micelles (DOC(Nc)@mPEG-PLA) by a thin-film hydration method. The particle sizes of optimized DOC(Nc), docetaxel micelles (DOC@mPEG-PLA), and DOC(Nc)@mPEG-PLA were 168.4, 36.3, and 72.5 nm, respectively. The crystallinity of docetaxel was decreased after transforming it into nanocrystals, and the crystalline state of docetaxel in micelles was amorphous. The constructed DOC(Nc)@mPEG-PLA showed good stability as its particle size showed no significant change in 7 days. Despite their rapid dissolution, docetaxel nanocrystals exhibited higher bioavailability. The micelles prolonged the retention time of docetaxel in the circulation system of rats, and DOC(Nc)@mPEG-PLA exhibited the highest retention time and bioavailability. These results reveal that constructing nanocrystal-loaded micelles may be a promising way to enhance the in vivo circulation and bioavailability of rapidly metabolized drugs such as docetaxel.

Digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma metabolite concentrations in steers offered whole crop wheat silage-based rations

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
A.P. Moloney ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The yield of dry matter (DM) in a mature wheat crop can equal that obtained from three cuts of grass. Ensiled mature whole crop wheat is however characterised by a lower digestibility and lower crude protein concentration than good quality grass silage. Addition of urea at ensiling has been shown to increase the digestibility and the non-protein nitrogen concentration of whole crop wheat silage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effect of urea-treatment on the in vivo digestibility of wheat of relatively high moisture concentration and (ii) the effects of the provision of a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate supplement on nitrogen metabolism in steers fed these silages.

Measurement in sheep of the quantity and composition of rumen digesta and of the fractional outflow rates of digesta constituents

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Specific Labelling

Knowledge of the fractional outflow rates of rumen digesta constituents is required for the quantitative prediction of rumen function. However, there are few data available for these parameters because of the problems associated with specific labelling of digesta constituents and with the need to ensure that samples are truly representative of rumen digesta. Methods are described here by which two markers can be used together to overcome the problem of representative sampling of the rumen, so eliminating the need for specific labelling, with 'ideal' markers, of digesta constituents. Thus, from the measurement of the amount and composition of true digesta in the rumen and the amount and composition of true digesta flowing from the abomasum, values for the fractional outflow rates (and its reciprocal, mean retention time) of rumen digesta constituents can be calculated. Appropriate application of these methods will allow the derivation of functions to predict fractional outflow rates. The results presented show that the fractional outflow rate of an adsorbable marker, 103Ru-P, was about half that of water but was about twice that of particulate matter; it was also greater than the net value for microbes. On the assumption that microbial material leaving the rumen is drawn from a free-floating microbial population and a population associated with particulate matter, it was calculated that 0.29 � SE 0.07 (range 0.09-0.49) of the rumen microbial population could have been free-floating.

Assessment of the heterogeneous ruminal fiber pool and development of a mathematical approach for predicting the mean retention time of feeds in goats1

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1099-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. L. Regadas Filho ◽  
L. O. Tedeschi ◽  
R. A. M. Vieira ◽  
M. T. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
The Mean

Digestion and retention time of stained food in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fadlalla ◽  
R. N. B. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oat Husk

SummaryThe suitability of stained food and [103Ru]phenanthroline-treated food as markers for measuring dietary retention time was examined in sheep. The digestibility of oat husk, assessed by incubation of samples contained in nylon bags in the rumen, was greatly depressed by staining with brilliant green, and slightly depressed by basic fuschsin. The latter effect appeared largely to be due to boiling rather than the stain itself.When milled hay treated with both basic fuschsin and [103Ru]phenanthroline was introduced into the rumen, the mean retention time estimated with the stain was about 40% longer than that estimated with [103Ru]phenanthroline.

scholarly journals Retention time of chromium-labelled feed particles and of water in the gut of sheep given hay and concentrate at maintenance

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chopped Grass

1. Sheep were given a diet of 400 g chopped grass hay/d and 500 g crushed barley/d in three equal meals. The mean retention time in the whole gut (MRT) and the rumen retention time (RRT) of chromium-labelled feed particles and of water were estimated from marker concentrations in faecal samples.2. MRT of Cr-labelled hay (Cr-H), barley hulls (Cr-Bh), crushed peas (Pisum sativum) (Cr-CP) and rapeseed meal (Cr-RSM) were 53.5, 52.3, 44.3 and 37.0 h respectively when estimated from total faecal collections. The estimates obtained from spot samples of faeces were almost identical.3. RRT of Cr-H, Cr-Bh, Cr-CP, Cr-RSM (Expts 1, 2 and 3) and Cr-labelled cottonseed meal (Cr-CSM) was 35.9, 36.7, 25.3, 18.8, 19.8, 22.8 and 25.3 h respectively.4. The Cr-labelled feed particles showed marked variations in density in water (Dω). However, both MRT and RRT were closely related to Dω, (r—0.88 and —0.95 respectively).5. Rumen outflow rates of Cr-RSM in individual animals were related to the rumen outflow rates of water (r 0.76).

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