ROLE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS IN THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ADAPTATION

1979 ◽  
pp. 931-932
Author(s):  
A. VIRU ◽  
P. KRGE
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscle Adaptation

scholarly journals The Recent Understanding of the Neurotrophin's Role in Skeletal Muscle Adaptation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunihiro Sakuma ◽  
Akihiko Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Bdnf Mrna ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
And Function

This paper summarizes the various effects of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle and how these proteins act as potential regulators of the maintenance, function, and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. Increasing evidence suggests that this family of neurotrophic factors influence not only the survival and function of innervating motoneurons but also the development and differentiation of myoblasts and muscle fibers. Muscle contractions (e.g., exercise) produce BDNF mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle, and the BDNF seems to play a role in enhancing glucose metabolism and may act for myokine to improve various brain disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and major depression). In adults with neuromuscular disorders, variations in neurotrophin expression are found, and the role of neurotrophins under such conditions is beginning to be elucidated. This paper provides a basis for a better understanding of the role of these factors under such pathological conditions and for treatment of human neuromuscular disease.

From skeletal muscle damage and regeneration to the hypertrophy induced by exercise: What is the role of different macrophages subsets?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Luis Araujo Minari ◽  
Ronaldo V. Thomatieli-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Muscle Recovery ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Damage ◽  
Know How ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Macrophage Subsets

Macrophages are one of the top players when considering immune cells involved with tissue homeostasis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that these macrophages could also present two major subsets during tissue healing; proliferative macrophages (M1-like), which are responsible for increasing myogenic cell proliferation, and restorative macrophages (M2-like), which are accountable for the end of the mature muscle myogenesis. The participation and characterization of these macrophage subsets is critical during myogenesis, not only to understand the inflammatory role of macrophages during muscle recovery but also to create supportive strategies that can improve mass muscle maintenance. Indeed, most of our knowledge about macrophage subsets comes from skeletal muscle damage protocols, and we still do not know how these subsets can contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. This narrative review aims to collect and discuss studies demonstrating the involvement of different macrophage subsets during the skeletal muscle damage/regeneration process, showcasing an essential role of these macrophage subsets during muscle adaptation induced by acute and chronic exercise programs.

scholarly journals Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan J. Vechetti
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Isolation Methods

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially characterized as “garbage bags” with the purpose of removing unwanted material from cells. It is now becoming clear that EVs mediate intercellular communication between distant cells through a transfer of genetic material, a process important to the systemic adaptation in physiological and pathological conditions. Although speculative, it has been suggested that the majority of EVs that make it into the bloodstream would be coming from skeletal muscle, since it is one of the largest organs in the human body. Although it is well established that skeletal muscle secretes peptides (currently known as myokines) into the bloodstream, the notion that skeletal muscle releases EVs is in its infancy. Besides intercellular communication and systemic adaptation, EV release could represent the mechanism by which muscle adapts to certain stimuli. This review summarizes the current understanding of EV biology and biogenesis and current isolation methods and briefly discusses the possible role EVs have in regulating skeletal muscle mass.

scholarly journals The Role of Nutri(epi)genomics in Achieving the Body’s Full Potential in Physical Activity

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Petracci ◽  
Rosita Gabbianelli ◽  
Laura Bordoni
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Right

Physical activity represents a powerful tool to achieve optimal health. The overall activation of several molecular pathways is associated with many beneficial effects, mainly converging towards a reduced systemic inflammation. Not surprisingly, regular activity can contribute to lowering the “epigenetic age”, acting as a modulator of risk toward several diseases and enhancing longevity. Behind this, there are complex molecular mechanisms induced by exercise, which modulate gene expression, also through epigenetic modifications. The exercise-induced epigenetic imprint can be transient or permanent and contributes to the muscle memory, which allows the skeletal muscle adaptation to environmental stimuli previously encountered. Nutrition, through key macro- and micronutrients with antioxidant properties, can play an important role in supporting skeletal muscle trophism and those molecular pathways triggering the beneficial effects of physical activity. Nutrients and antioxidant food components, reversibly altering the epigenetic imprint, have a big impact on the phenotype. This assigns a role of primary importance to nutri(epi)genomics, not only in optimizing physical performance, but also in promoting long term health. The crosstalk between physical activity and nutrition represents a major environmental pressure able to shape human genotypes and phenotypes, thus, choosing the right combination of lifestyle factors ensures health and longevity.

Fiber type-specific hypertrophy and increased capillarization in skeletal muscle following testosterone administration in young women

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 1240-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Horwath ◽  
William Apró ◽  
Marcus Moberg ◽  
Manne Godhe ◽  
Torbjörn Helge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Testosterone Administration ◽  
Performance Enhancing

We have recently demonstrated performance-enhancing effects of moderately elevated testosterone concentrations in young women. Here we present novel evidence that testosterone alters muscle morphology in these women, resulting in type II fiber hypertrophy and improved capillarization. Our findings suggest that low doses of testosterone potently impact skeletal muscle after only 10 wk. These data provide unique insights into muscle adaptation and support the performance-enhancing role of testosterone in women on the muscle fiber level.

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