Cross-tolerance to abiotic stress at different levels of organizations: Prospects for scaling-up from laboratory to field

2020 ◽  
pp. 317-327
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Tambussi ◽  
Juan J. Guiamet ◽  
Carlos G. Bartoli
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Recognition of microbe/damage-associated molecular patterns by leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptor kinases confers salt tolerance in plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Saijo ◽  
Eliza Loo ◽  
Yuri Tajima ◽  
Kohji Yamada ◽  
Shota Kido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

In plants, a first layer of inducible immunity is conferred by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs, respectively) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PTI is strengthened or followed by another potent form of immunity when intracellular receptors recognize pathogen effectors, termed effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Immunity signaling regulators have been reported to influence abiotic stress responses as well, yet the governing principles and mechanisms remain ambiguous. Here, we report that PRRs of a leucine-rich repeat ectodomain also confer salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, following recognition of cognate ligands, such as bacterial flagellin (flg22 epitope) and EF-Tu (elf18 epitope), and the endogenous Pep peptides. Pattern-triggered salt tolerance (PTST) requires authentic PTI signaling components, namely the PRR-associated kinases BAK1 and BIK1, and the NADPH oxidase RBOHD. Exposure to salt stress induces the release of Pep precursors, pointing to the involvement of the endogenous immunogenic peptides in developing plant tolerance to high salinity. Transcriptome profiling reveals an inventory of PTST target genes, which increase or acquire salt responsiveness following a pre-exposure to immunogenic patterns. In good accordance, plants challenged with non-pathogenic bacteria also acquired salt tolerance in a manner dependent on PRRs. Our findings provide insight into signaling plasticity underlying biotic-abiotic stress cross-tolerance in plants conferred by PRRs.

National and international policy initiatives on multimorbidity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. H. Schwarz ◽  
Patrick Timpel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Health Situation ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter presents a reflection on different policy initiatives targeting multimorbidity. Owing to its global impact on public health, type 2 diabetes is used as an example in this context. Challenges on different levels are illustrated, and the implementation and limitations of scaling-up processes in integrated care initiatives as well as national policies on the prevention of chronic diseases are discussed. Questions on the responsibilities of society, government, and insurance companies to jointly tackle the epidemiologic challenges are addressed and general conclusions on the different approaches are drawn. One important issue significantly hampering the development, implementation, and scaling up of effective policies is the lack of sufficient long-term evaluations. To accomplish sustained improvements of the current public health situation, a strategic shift from individual to shared responsibilities of the different parties is needed. The chapter concludes with proposals for prevention policies and general recommendations for policy development.

Polyamine homeostasis in tomato biotic/abiotic stress cross-tolerance

Gene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 727 ◽  
pp. 144230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Tsaniklidis ◽  
Polyxeni Pappi ◽  
Athanasios Tsafouros ◽  
Spyridoula N. Charova ◽  
Nikolaos Nikoloudakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Cross Tolerance

scholarly journals Optimal quality ultra high video streaming based H.265

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1474
Author(s):  
Hiba Khalid Abd al-azeez ◽  
Nasser N. Khamiss
Keyword(s):  
Video Streaming ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
End User ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Available Bandwidth ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Real Time Transmission ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Optimal Quality

Using Ultra-High Definition (UHD) video streaming in real-time transmission over the internet is the main challenge of this paper. Due to the widely variation of the available Internet bandwidth makes the difficulties of video streaming with flexibility and efficiency. In this paper the UHD video is down sampled and encoded at different levels of 4K, FHD, 720p, 4CIF, CIF and QCIF. Experiments were done to find the optimal configuration of H265 features at each level that give the required PSNR, 36 dB, at assigned bitrate. A controller is incorporated with H265 encoder to achieve the adaptation of video streaming on<em> </em>the available bandwidth by choosing the proper level that is compatible with the channel bitrate results of keeping a good quality to the end user. The adaptation of video was realized by making the controller periodically reads the status of the buffer, such function helps the controller to select the proper level, 4K, FHD, 720p, 4CIF, CIF or QCIF to be streamed over the channel. At the decoder the reconstructed video for lower level is done by interpolation scaling up.

scholarly journals What makes urban governance co-productive? Contradictions in the current debate on co-production

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Galuszka
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Participatory Planning ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Different Levels

Following a number of prominent concepts in urban planning, like participatory planning or self-help housing, co-production has started to gain momentum in the global South context. While it is has been long discussed as a means of service provision, the term is more and more often used in the broader sense of urban governance and policy planning. This understanding goes beyond the aspect of scaling-up successful co-productive infrastructure focused projects; rather, it indicates a different format of engagement for prompting urban stakeholders into planning citywide urban solutions. This article discusses the distinction between the different levels of co-production and their inter-linkages, and it investigates the relevance of positioning co-production as a factor framing urban governance. This includes a discussion on three main contradictions that can be identified within the current discussion on co-production. Finally, it identifies a set of arguments for elaborating the role of co-production in a policy and urban governance setting.

Everyday Peace

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Mac Ginty
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
World War ◽  
Peace And Conflict Studies ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Concept Building ◽  
Different Levels

This book focuses on how individuals and communities navigate through, and out of, conflict. Through theory and concept-building and empirical examples, it investigates the pro-peace tactical agency deployed by individuals and communities in conflict-affected contexts. It examines how compassion, humanity, civility, and solidarity can take root in unlikely circumstances—even in the midst of war—and the possibility of everyday peace scaling up and out to disrupt violent conflict. The book develops a number of key concepts, including Everyday Peace Power and conflict disruption, to help us understand how everyday ‘small peace’ actions can accumulate into movements and processes that may have wider significance. In addition to a detailed conceptualization of everyday peace, the book is interested in how local-level peace might connect with other levels (national, international, and transnational) and uses the notion of circuitry to explain how different levels of society might influence one another. In an unusual departure for peace and conflict studies, the book draws on World War I and II memoirs and personal diaries to investigate the possibility of everyday peace in extreme circumstances (such as the battlefield) but also to illustrate that many of the possibilities and challenges associated with everyday peace are, in fact, timeless.

scholarly journals Chromatin regulation of somatic abiotic stress memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (17) ◽  
pp. 5269-5279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Bäurle ◽  
Inês Trindade
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Chromatin Regulation ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stress Memory ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Single Stress ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Plant Abiotic Stress

Abstract In nature, plants are often subjected to periods of recurrent environmental stress that can strongly affect their development and productivity. To cope with these conditions, plants can remember a previous stress, which allows them to respond more efficiently to a subsequent stress, a phenomenon known as priming. This ability can be maintained at the somatic level for a few days or weeks after the stress is perceived, suggesting that plants can store information of a past stress during this recovery phase. While the immediate responses to a single stress event have been extensively studied, knowledge on priming effects and how stress memory is stored is still scarce. At the molecular level, memory of a past condition often involves changes in chromatin structure and organization, which may be maintained independently from transcription. In this review, we will summarize the most recent developments in the field and discuss how different levels of chromatin regulation contribute to priming and plant abiotic stress memory.

scholarly journals Low Carbon Development Pathways in Indian Agriculture

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Wangyel Wang ◽  
Woo-Kyun Lee ◽  
Yowhan Son
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Emissions Intensity ◽  
Electricity Costs ◽  
The Government ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIndian agriculture sector is a significant emitter of Green House Gas (GHG), which is projected to increase by 47% between 2011 and 2020. In response to this, India has committed itself to voluntarily reduce its emissions intensity (emissions per unit GDP) between 20 to 25 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. This would require rapid and significant scaling up of mitigation efforts including the agriculture sector, which remains a challenge, as mitigation is not a priority in Indian agriculture. The study found out that in-spite of numerous mitigation technologies that are readily available for takeoff, the scale of adoption and deployment is far from sufficient to meet the emission targets set by the Government of India, mainly due to lack of financial incentives, capacity building of farmers, and an enabling policy at different levels. This study identified a suite of feasible interventions for promoting low carbon agriculture such as: low tillage systems as it has negative costs due to savings on tillage and fuel; introduction of superior livestock breeds to reduce numbers (especially unproductive cattle) and increase yield; use of livestock wastes to produce energy for cooking and heating through bio-gas technology can not only reduce methane emission but also save electricity costs for the households and; introduction of carbon credits and exploration of domestic carbon markets. An enabling policy environment must be created for these interventions to take off.

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