Interactive effects of ocean acidification and other environmental factors on marine organisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-246
Author(s):  
Tianyu Zhang ◽  
Qianqian Zhang ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Jianmin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Interactive Effects

scholarly journals Interactive effects of metal pollution and ocean acidification on physiology of marine organisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Ivanina ◽  
Inna M. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Physiological Functions

Abstract Changes in the global environment such as ocean acidification (OA) may interact with anthropogenic pollutants including trace metals threatening the integrity of marine ecosystems. We analyze recent studies on the interactive effects of OA and trace metals on marine organisms with a focus on the physiological basis of these interactions. Our analysis shows that the responses to elevated CO2 and metals are strongly dependent on the species, developmental stage, metal biochemistry and the degree of environmental hypercapnia, and cannot be directly predicted from the CO2-induced changes in metal solubility and speciation. The key physiological functions affected by both the OA and trace metal exposures involve acid-base regulation, protein turnover and mitochondrial bioenergetics, reflecting the sensitivity of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways to CO2and metals. Physiological interactions between elevated CO2 and metals may impact the organisms’ capacity to maintain acid-base homeostasis and reduce the amount of energy available for fitness-related functions such as growth, development and reproduction thereby affecting survival and performance of estuarine populations. Environmental hypercapnia may also affect the marine food webs by altering predator-prey interactions and the trophic transfer of metals in the food chain. However, our understanding of the degree to which these effects can impact the function and integrity of marine ecosystems is limited due the scarcity of the published research and its bias towards certain taxonomic groups. Future research priorities should include studies of metal x PCO2 interactions focusing on critical physiological functions (including acid-base, protein and energy homeostasis) in a greater range of ecologically and economically important marine species, as well as including the field populations naturally exposed (and potentially adapted) to different levels of metals and CO2 in their environments.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and Heavy Metals on Marine Organisms: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Jin ◽  
Jiale Zhang ◽  
Jiaofeng Wan ◽  
Sebastian Overmans ◽  
Guang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Ocean acidification (OA) may interact with anthropogenic pollutants, such as heavy metals (HM), to represent a threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Here, we perform a quantitative meta-analysis to examine the combined effects of OA and heavy metals on marine organisms. The results reveal predominantly additive interactions (67%), with a considerable proportion of synergistic interactions (25%) and a few antagonistic interactions (8%). The overall adverse effects of heavy metals on marine organisms were alleviated by OA, leading to a neutral impact of heavy metals in combination with OA. However, different taxonomic groups showed large variabilities in their responses, with microalgae being the most sensitive when exposed to heavy metals and OA, and having the highest proportion of antagonistic interactions. Furthermore, the variations in interaction type frequencies are related to climate regions and heavy metal properties, with antagonistic interactions accounting for the highest proportion in temperate regions (28%) and when exposed to Zn (52%). Our study provides a comprehensive insight into the interactive effects of OA and HM on marine organisms, and highlights the importance of further investigating the responses of different marine taxonomic groups from various geographic locations to the combined stress of OA and HM.

The relative and interactive impact of multiple risk factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a combined register-based and clinical twin study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
C. Lemvigh ◽  
R. Brouwer ◽  
R. Hilker ◽  
S. Anhøj ◽  
L. Baandrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Multiple Risk

Abstract Background Research has yielded evidence for genetic and environmental factors influencing the risk of schizophrenia. Numerous environmental factors have been identified; however, the individual effects are small. The additive and interactive effects of multiple risk factors are not well elucidated. Twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia offer a unique opportunity to identify factors that differ between patients and unaffected co-twins, who are perfectly matched for age, sex and genetic background. Methods Register data were combined with clinical data for 216 twins including monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) proband pairs (one or both twins having a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis) and MZ/DZ healthy control (HC) pairs. Logistic regression models were applied to predict (1) illness vulnerability (being a proband v. HC pair) and (2) illness status (being the patient v. unaffected co-twin). Risk factors included: A polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia, birth complications, birth weight, Apgar scores, paternal age, maternal smoking, season of birth, parental socioeconomic status, urbanicity, childhood trauma, estimated premorbid intelligence and cannabis. Results The PRS [odds ratio (OR) 1.6 (1.1–2.3)], childhood trauma [OR 4.5 (2.3–8.8)], and regular cannabis use [OR 8.3 (2.1–32.7)] independently predicted illness vulnerability as did an interaction between childhood trauma and cannabis use [OR 0.17 (0.03–0.9)]. Only regular cannabis use predicted having a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis between patients and unaffected co-twins [OR 3.3 (1.1–10.4)]. Conclusion The findings suggest that several risk factors contribute to increasing schizophrenia spectrum vulnerability. Moreover, cannabis, a potentially completely avoidable environmental risk factor, seems to play a substantial role in schizophrenia pathology.

scholarly journals Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Organisms—Unifying Principles and New Paradigms

Water ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 5592-5598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Hall-Spencer ◽  
Mike Thorndyke ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Unifying Principles

Parasitic infection alters the physiological response of a marine gastropod to ocean acidification

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 1397-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. MACLEOD ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Consumption Rates

SUMMARYIncreased hydrogen ion concentration and decreased carbonate ion concentration in seawater are the most physiologically relevant consequences of ocean acidification (OA). Changes to either chemical species may increase the metabolic cost of physiological processes in marine organisms, and reduce the energy available for growth, reproduction and survival. Parasitic infection also increases the energetic demands experienced by marine organisms, and may reduce host tolerance to stressors associated with OA. This study assessed the combined metabolic effects of parasitic infection and OA on an intertidal gastropod,Zeacumantus subcarinatus. Oxygen consumption rates and tissue glucose content were recorded in snails infected with one of three trematode parasites, and an uninfected control group, maintained in acidified (7·6 and 7·4 pH) or unmodified (8·1 pH) seawater. Exposure to acidified seawater significantly altered the oxygen consumption rates and tissue glucose content of infected and uninfected snails, and there were clear differences in the magnitude of these changes between snails infected with different species of trematode. These results indicate that the combined effects of OA and parasitic infection significantly alter the energy requirements ofZ. subcarinatus, and that the species of the infecting parasite may play an important role in determining the tolerance of marine gastropods to OA.

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