Normal growth, failure to thrive, and obesity in the breastfed infant

Breastfeeding ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 427-459
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Lawrence ◽  
Robert M. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Failure ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Breastfed Infant

scholarly journals Optimizing Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Growth Failure after Bowel Resection

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Laura Moschino ◽  
Miriam Duci ◽  
Francesco Fascetti Leon ◽  
Luca Bonadies ◽  
Elena Priante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Bowel Resection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Impairment ◽  
Intestinal Rehabilitation ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the first cause of short bowel syndrome (SBS) in the neonate, is a serious neonatal gastrointestinal disease with an incidence of up to 11% in preterm newborns less than 1500 g of birth weight. The rate of severe NEC requiring surgery remains high, and it is estimated between 20–50%. Newborns who develop SBS need prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN), experience nutrient deficiency, failure to thrive and are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment. Prevention of NEC is therefore mandatory to avoid SBS and its associated morbidities. In this regard, nutritional practices seem to play a key role in early life. Individualized medical and surgical therapies, as well as intestinal rehabilitation programs, are fundamental in the achievement of enteral autonomy in infants with acquired SBS. In this descriptive review, we describe the most recent evidence on nutritional practices to prevent NEC, the available tools to early detect it, the surgical management to limit bowel resection and the best nutrition to sustain growth and intestinal function.

CONGENITAL SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE DEFICIENCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-853
Author(s):  
I. Antonowicz ◽  
J. D. Lloyd-Still ◽  
K. T. Khaw ◽  
H. Shwachman
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Small Intestinal

Observations over a period of 6 years are reported on 10 children in whom the diagnosis of congenital sucrase isomaltase deficiency (SID) was confirmed by quantitative estimation of disaccharidase activity of the small intestinal mucosa. Repeat biopsies were performed on eight of the ten patients and showed no evidence that sucrase isomaltase activity is acquired. Sucrose tolerance tests (2 gm/kg) showed no significant rise in blood glucose in the seven patients in whom they were performed. This condition may appear in young infants with severe diarrhea resulting in a malabsorption syndrome and failure to thrive. It may also be manifest in a milder clinical presentation with bothersome diarrhea in spite of normal growth and development in the older infant or young child. The diagnosis in this latter group can be difficult, and is frequently missed.

Social and Nonsocial Home Environments of Infants with Nonorganic Failure-to-Thrive

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353
Author(s):  
Patrick H. Casey ◽  
Robert Bradley ◽  
Betty Wortham
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Home Environments ◽  
Maternal Acceptance ◽  
Parent Attitude

Nonorganic failure-to-thrive (NOFT) is a clinical syndrome that is poorly understood and inadequately studied. Because empirical data are lacking, an attempt was made to identify differentiating aspects of the mother-infant interaction and environment of infants with NOFT compared with those of matched infants who grew normally. Prospectively, 23 infants who were suffering from NOFT were chosen in a referral clinic. Each infant was matched with a control subject with normal growth by age, sex, and race of the infant and family income, maternal education, and number of people living in the household. An assistant who was unaware of infant growth status visited the homes of these infants within 3 weeks of diagnosis and gathered: the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME); the Coddington Life Events Record; and the Index of Parent Attitude Scales. The total HOME Inventory and the subscales entitled Maternal Acceptance of the Child, Organization of the Physical Environment, and Emotional Responsivity were significantly less favorable (P < .05) in the NOFT group. There were no group differences in the Life Events Record and the Parent Attitudes Scales. A discriminant function analysis correctly placed 32 of the 46 infants into failure-to-thrive and control groups. It is concluded that certain aspects of the home environments of infants with NOFT differ from those of infants of similar socioeconomic status who grow normally.

Growth Failure in Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Nutrition and Elevated Resting Metabolic Expenditure

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon I. Kurzner ◽  
Meena Garg ◽  
Daisy B. Bautista ◽  
David Bader ◽  
Russell J. Merritt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Metabolic Expenditure

The mechanisms underlying growth failure in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia are poorly understood. Thirteen infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 6 months of corrected age and 12 full-term healthy control infants matched for age or size were studied. Resting oxygen consumption was measured during natural sleep, and an estimation of the resting metabolic expenditure by indirect calorimetry was performed. Growth parameters were measured, and a nutritional profile including dietary intake, stool analysis, and serum albumin, cholesterol, glucose, and prealbumin was obtained. Seven of the 13 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had growth failure (defined as length and weight less than the tenth percentile of the Babson growth curves). These infants had lower birth weight, lower gestational age, and a greater number of days spent in supplemental oxygen or on mechanical ventilation. There was no statistical difference between the bronchopulmonary dysplasiagrowth failure and bronchopulmonary dysplasia-normal growth infants for dietary intake or stool or serum analyses. However, serum prealbumin showed a significant linear correlation with body weight in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Resting metabolic expenditure was elevated in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia with growth failure and was inversely correlated with body weight in all infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Thus, infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and growth failure have increased metabolic demands and decreased prealbumin values suggesting a relative state of protein-calorie malnutrition.

Patterns of growth from birth to maturity in infants and children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S295-S304 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Pubertal Growth Spurt ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Patterns of growth of 30 children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia of the 21-hydroxylase type were studied from infancy to maturity. These children were compliant as to therapy. Intramuscular (I.M.) Cortisone (40mg/M2) given every three days resulted in growth failure after the first year of life. A marked increase in height velocity occurred when oral Cortisone (20-25mg/M2) was given at approximate] 3 years. Growth was relatively normal during childhood in both boys and girls but there was a marked increase in mean weight in both sexes. Pubertal growth spurt occurred normally in males but was delayed in females. Weight decreased in both sexes at puberty but not to normal. Better methods of monitoring this condition should result in therapeutic regimes which allow normal growth patterns as well as normal mature height.

Management of Puberty for Optimal Auxological Results in β-Thalassaemia Major

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Caruso-Nicoletti ◽  
V. De Sanctis ◽  
L. Cavallo ◽  
G. Raiola ◽  
L. Ruggiero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Thalassaemia Major ◽  
Pubertal Growth Spurt ◽  
Pubertal Growth ◽  
Height Gain

AbstractShort stature is present in a significant percentage of patients affected by β-thalassaemia major. Growth failure of patients with thalassaemia is multifactorial. The most important contribution is attributed to the toxic effect desferrioxamine and to endocrine disorders, due to iron overload. The commonest endocrine complication is hypogonadism. The growth pat- tern of patients with thalassaemia is characterized by normal growth during childhood, a deceleration of growth velocity around age 9-10 years, and a reduced pubertal growth spurt. In addition, reduced growth of the trunk is often present. Short stature and short trunk are more evident at pubertal age. Hypogonadism is usually considered responsible for the pubertal growth failure, as well as the aggravation of body disproportion at pubertal age. However, data suggest that pubertal height gain and final height are reduced in both patients with spontaneous puberty and patients with induced puberty. It is concluded that several aspects of peripubertal growth in patients with thalassaemia remain to be clarified.

Endocannabinoids and Food Intake: Newborn Suckling and Appetite Regulation in Adulthood

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Fride ◽  
Tatyana Bregman ◽  
Tim C. Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Organ Systems

The appetite-stimulating effects of the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa) have been known since ancient times, and appear to be effected through the incentive and rewarding properties of foods. Investigations into the biological basis of the multiple effects of cannabis have yielded important breakthroughs in recent years: the discovery of two cannabinoid receptors in brain and peripheral organ systems, and endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) for these receptors. These advances have greatly increased our understanding of how appetite is regulated through these endocannabinoid receptor systems. The presence of endocannabinoids in the developing brain and in maternal milk have led to evidence for a critical role for CB, receptors in oral motor control of suckling during neonatal development. The endocannabinoids appear to regulate energy balance and food intake at four functional levels within the brain and periphery: (i) limbic system (for hedonic evaluation of foods), (ii) hypothalamus and hindbrain (integrative functions), (iii) intestinal system, and (iv) adipose tissue. At each of these levels, the endocannabinoid system interacts with a number of better known molecules involved in appetite and weight regulation, including leptin, ghrelin, and the melanocortins. Therapeutically, appetite stimulation by cannabinoids has been studied for several decades, particularly in relation to cachexia and malnutrition associated with cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or anorexia nervosa. The recent advances in cannabinoid pharmacology may lead to improved treatments for these conditions or, conversely, for combating excessive appetite and body weight, such as CB, receptor antagonists as antiobesity medications. In conclusion, the exciting progress in the understanding of how the endocannabinoid CB receptor systems influence appetite and body weight is stimulating the development of therapeutic orexigenic and anorectic agents. Furthermore, the role of cannabinoid CB, receptor activation for milk suckling in newborns may open new doors toward understanding nonorganic failure-to-thrive in infants, who display growth failure without known organic cause.

scholarly journals Successful Montelukast Treatment in an Infant with Steroid-Resistant Eosinophilic Colitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 389-394
Author(s):  
Nai-Wei Wang ◽  
Hsuan Hsieh ◽  
Yao-Jong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Oral Prednisolone ◽  
Diet Therapy ◽  
Bloody Diarrhea ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Steroid Resistant ◽  
Eosinophilic Colitis ◽  
Healthy Growth

Eosinophilic colitis (EC) belongs to a group of idiopathic diseases called eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, which are characterized by eosinophil-predominant inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Corticosteroids is the first-line pharmacotherapy for EC refractory to diet therapy. We report an infant with steroid-resistant EC, who successfully returned to a healthy growth trajectory under the combined therapy of montelukast and ketotifen. An 8-month-old boy presented with bloody diarrhea, anemia, and failure to thrive (FTT) that started 6 days after birth. The patient has no known allergies. A trial of elementary diet was unsuccessful. The results of several stool cultures were unremarkable. Similarly, lower gastrointestinal series failed to identify anything significant. At 3 months of age, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsies from the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum were unremarkable. The diarrhea and FTT persisted. A rectosigmoidoscopy with biopsies was performed; the results led to the diagnosis of EC at 5 months of age. Oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day was prescribed; however, 3 months into the treatment, persistent bloody diarrhea and FTT were still noted. Montelukast and ketotifen were added, after which diarrhea and weight gain started to improve. Prednisolone and montelukast/ketotifen were tapered off 6 months after. He remains symptom free and has normal growth and development in a 5-year follow-up.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document