The revolution in surface science: from reciprocal space to real space

Since Binnig, Rohrer and associates observed real-space topographic images of Si(111)-7×7 and invented the scanning tunneling microscope (STM),1) the STM has been accepted as a powerful surface science instrument.Recently, many application areas for the STM have been opened up, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and others. So, the STM technology holds a great promise for the future.The great advantages of the STM are its high spatial resolution in the lateral and vertical directions on the atomic scale. However, the STM has difficulty in identifying atomic images in a desired area because it uses piezoelectric (PZT) elements as a scanner.On the other hand, the demand to observe specimens under UHV condition has grown, along with the advent of the STM technology. The requirment of UHV-STM is especially very high in to study of surface construction of semiconductors and superconducting materials on the atomic scale. In order to improve the STM image quality by keeping the specimen and tip surfaces clean, we have built a new UHV-STM (JSTM-4000XV) system which is provided with other surface analysis capability.

Download Full-text

Ab initio structure determination of cytochrome c6 by combined reciprocal space-real space approach

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials ◽

10.1524/zkri.218.1.68.20773 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 218 (1) ◽

Author(s):

K. Chowdhury ◽

S. Ghosh ◽

M. Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome C ◽

Ab Initio ◽

Structure Determination ◽

Direct Method ◽

Real Space ◽

Reciprocal Space ◽

Cytochrome C6 ◽

Ab Initio Structure ◽

Space Approach

AbstractThe direct method program SAYTAN has been applied successfully to redetermine the structure of cytochrome c

Download Full-text

“Cartography” in 7-Dimensions at CHESS: Mapping of Structure in Real Space, Reciprocal Space, and Time Using High-Energy X-rays

Synchrotron Radiation News ◽

10.1080/08940886.2020.1841491 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

K. E. Nygren, ◽

D. C. Pagan, ◽

J. P. C. Ruff ◽

E. Arenholz ◽

J. D. Brock

Keyword(s):

High Energy ◽

Real Space ◽

Reciprocal Space ◽

X Rays ◽

Space And Time

Download Full-text

Orientation Relationships and Interfaces Between Low Symmetry Phases in The Yttria-Alumina System

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-357-145 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 357 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. S. Hay

Keyword(s):

Monoclinic Phase ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Real Space ◽

Reciprocal Space ◽

High Symmetry ◽

Orientation Relationships ◽

Yttrium Aluminum ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

Interphase Boundaries ◽

Definition Of

AbstractInterphase boundaries and orientation relationships for yttria - yttrium-aluminum monoclinic and yttrium-aluminum monoclinic - yttrium-aluminum perovskite eutectics were observed by standard and high resolution TEM techniques. Three and five orientation relationships were found for each system, respectively. These eutectics all had a monoclinic phase and therefore had little potential for high symmetry overlap. In many cases low index planes with similer spacings or spacing multiples were parallel. However, presence of a monoclinic phase made definition of a three-dimensional low index near-CSL very difficult, so a combination of planes corresponding to reciprocal-space directions and zones corresponding to real-space directions were often needed for a geometric description of the orientation relationship. In general, two planes and the real-space direction corresponding to the zone for these planes described the orientation relationships. The disregistry between reciprocal-space coincidence sites was not localized by dislocations large enough to be visible.

Download Full-text

Abinitiostructure solution of nucleic acids and proteins by direct methods: reciprocal-space and real-space approach

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s0021889804031802 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 217-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Krishna Chowdhury ◽

Soma Bhattacharya ◽

Monika Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Direct Method ◽

Heavy Atom ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Disulfide Bridge ◽

Real Space ◽

Reciprocal Space ◽

Space Groups ◽

Data Resolution ◽

Modification Procedure

Anab initiomethod for solving macromolecular structures is described. The heavy atom(s) or some disulfide bridge in the structure are located from the phase sets selected on the basis of a figure of merit of a reciprocal-space-based multiple-solution direct method. Subsequent weighted Fourier recycling reveals recognizable structures for two nucleic acids where data resolution is 1.3 Å or better. With lower than 1.3 Å data resolution or sulfur as the heaviest atom in the structure, the phase refinement has been carried out using the density modification procedure (PERP) operating in direct space. The resulting electron density map can readily be interpreted. The methodology has been illustrated with six known nucleic acids and proteins crystallizing in different space groups. It has proved to be fast, simple to use and a very effective tool for solving macromolecular structures with data resolution up to 1.7 Å.

Download Full-text

Real-Space and Reciprocal-Space Berry Phases in the Hall Effect ofMn1−xFexSi

Physical Review Letters ◽

10.1103/physrevlett.112.186601 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (18) ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

C. Franz ◽

F. Freimuth ◽

A. Bauer ◽

R. Ritz ◽

C. Schnarr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hall Effect ◽

Real Space ◽

Reciprocal Space ◽

Berry Phases

Download Full-text

X-ray diffraction by crystal planes in real space and reciprocal space

Journal of Chemical Education ◽

10.1021/ed049p237 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 237 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. F. Pavkovic

Keyword(s):

Real Space ◽

Reciprocal Space ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray

Download Full-text

Surface science at the PEARL beamline of the Swiss Light Source

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577516018646 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 354-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Matthias Muntwiler ◽

Jun Zhang ◽

Roland Stania ◽

Fumihiko Matsui ◽

Peter Oberta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Source ◽

Surface Science ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Hexagonal Boron Nitride ◽

Real Space ◽

Scanning Tunneling ◽

Tunneling Microscopy ◽

X Ray ◽

Photoelectron Diffraction ◽

Swiss Light Source

The Photo-Emission and Atomic Resolution Laboratory (PEARL) is a new soft X-ray beamline and surface science laboratory at the Swiss Light Source. PEARL is dedicated to the structural characterization of local bonding geometry at surfaces and interfaces of novel materials, in particular of molecular adsorbates, nanostructured surfaces, and surfaces of complex materials. The main experimental techniques are soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Photoelectron diffraction in angle-scanned mode measures bonding angles of atoms near the emitter atom, and thus allows the orientation of small molecules on a substrate to be determined. In energy scanned mode it measures the distance between the emitter and neighboring atoms; for example, between adsorbate and substrate. STM provides complementary, real-space information, and is particularly useful for comparing the sample quality with reference measurements. In this article, the key features and measured performance data of the beamline and the experimental station are presented. As scientific examples, the adsorbate–substrate distance in hexagonal boron nitride on Ni(111), surface quantum well states in a metal-organic network of dicyano-anthracene on Cu(111), and circular dichroism in the photoelectron diffraction of Cu(111) are discussed.

Download Full-text