Three Decades of Environmental-Economic Modelling: Economic Models of Pollutant Emissions

1991 ◽  
pp. 19-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Hafkamp
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Economic Modelling

scholarly journals Cost-effective water quality improvement in linked terrestrial and marine ecosystems: a spatial environmental - economic modelling approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Roebeling ◽  
M. E. van Grieken ◽  
A. J. Webster ◽  
J. Biggs ◽  
P. Thorburn
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Water Quality Improvement ◽  
Land Use And Management ◽  
Modelling Approach

Worldwide, coastal and marine ecosystems are affected by water pollution originating from coastal river catchments, even though ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef are vital from an environmental as well as an economic perspective. Improved management of coastal catchment resources is needed to remediate this serious and growing problem through, e.g. agricultural land use and management practice change. This may, however, be very costly and, consequently, there is a need to explore how water quality improvement can be achieved at least cost. In the present paper, we develop an environmental–economic modelling approach that integrates an agricultural production system simulation model and a catchment water quality model into a spatial environmental–economic land-use model to explore patterns of land use and management practice that most cost-effectively achieve specified water quality targets and, in turn, estimate corresponding water pollution abatement cost functions. In a case study of sediment and nutrient water pollution by the sugarcane and grazing industries in the Tully–Murray catchment (Queensland, Australia), it is shown that considerable improvements in water quality can be obtained at no additional cost, or even benefit, to the agricultural industry, whereas larger water quality improvements come at a significant cost to the agricultural industry.

OP11 Structural Uncertainty In Economic Modelling For Smoking Cessation

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Becky Pennington ◽  
Alex Filby ◽  
Matthew Taylor ◽  
Lesley Owen
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Recurrent Events ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Cohort Model ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION:Guidance for developing economic models recommend that model structure is carefully considered, and assumptions varied in sensitivity analysis (1). Models in smoking cessation have typically used cohort-level approaches, although recently discrete event simulations (DESs) have been developed (2). DESs allow additional flexibility such as modelling changing risk over time, and recurrent events. Our aim was to explore the impact of varying model structure and assumptions on the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation programs.METHODS:We built a cohort state-transition model which related mortality to smoking status and considered the prevalence (based on smoking status) of five comorbidities associated with smoking, each of which has an associated cost and quality of life decrement. We additionally built a patient-level DES, using the Discretely Integrated Condition Event framework (3). The DES used the same data as the cohort model, except considering incidence for comorbidities rather than prevalence. We considered a population of smokers aged 16 years old and an intervention costing GBP827 on which 27 percent of people quit, compared with no treatment. We produced results using the two models for comparable scenarios, and ran additional scenarios considering different assumptions.RESULTS:In the cohort model, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for intervention versus no treatment was GBP4,000/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). In the DES, modelling mortality linked to smoker status produced an ICER of GBP1,000/QALY and modelling mortality linked to comorbidities produced an ICER of GBP6,000/QALY. In the DES with mortality linked to comorbidities, varying the relative risk of comorbidities with time since quitting gave an ICER of GBP3,000/QALY. Including relapse increased the ICER to GBP21,000/QALY.CONCLUSIONS:The ICER for the smoking cessation program changes when model assumptions are varied, although the choice of DES versus cohort model appears to make a relatively small difference. Inclusion of relapse substantially changes the ICER, demonstrating the importance of long-term effects in economic models.

scholarly journals Ecological and Economic Context of Managing Enterprises That Are Particularly Harmful to the Environment and the Well-Being of Society

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2884
Author(s):  
Aneta Włodarczyk ◽  
Agata Mesjasz-Lech
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Synthetic Indicators ◽  
Novel Approach

The ecological and economic context determine the management goals of a modern enterprise, which are in line with the growing concern about the well-being of society caused by the effects of enterprises’ activities that are particularly harmful to the environment. This increases the need to search for new tools that will have the capacity to generate information supporting the decision-making process in the area of enterprise management in terms of ecological, economic, and social goals. For these reasons, synthetic measures of development were constructed on the basis of the set of diagnostic variables describing various aspects of sustainable development in the case. Based on the environmental synthetic indicators, it has been possible to point out the Polish voivodeships, in which enterprises that are particularly harmful to the environment were able to reduce the emissions of dust and gaseous pollutants in the 2005–2019 period. These changes were often accompanied by an increase in the production of energy from renewable sources and increasing the supply of plants with devices to contain gaseous and dust pollutants. Moreover, the comparison of positioning the voivodeships in the rankings according to social, economic, and environmental synthetic measures shows that the reduction of the negative impact of energy-intensive enterprises on the environment has been associated with higher the position of the voivodeship in the ranking connected with the health of its inhabitants. It has been also seen that the largest pool of funds was allocated to the voivodeships that need them the most, as these voivodeships were low in the ranking with respect to the degree of the reduction of dust and gaseous emissions by enterprises that are particularly harmful to the environment. The results for regression analysis indicated at the existence of the inter-temporal relationships between the well-being of society and the environmental–economic effects of enterprises’ activities. It was noticed that increasing the possibilities of financing investments in low-emission development of the region, including the modernization of enterprises in terms of decreasing dust and gaseous pollutant emissions and reducing their energy consumption, has a significant impact on the improvement of well-being of society with a one-year lag. In contrast to other studies that mainly refer to the environmental and economic effects of managing enterprises that are particularly harmful to the environment, this paper focuses on the social aspect of the change in the health of the population connected with the emissions of pollutants. A novel approach based on the set of three multi-criteria synthetic measures is proposed to assess the environmental, economic, and social activities of enterprises in individual voivodeships in Poland in the long 2005–2019 period.

scholarly journals An environmental yardstick in farm economic modelling of future pesticide use: the case of arable farming

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
J.T.W. Verhoeven ◽  
G.A.A. Wossink ◽  
J.A.W.A. Reus
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Farm Model ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
Year 2000

The integration of a new environmental yardstick for pesticide use in an economic farm model designed to monitor the environmental-economic interplay under changing price and policy conditions is discussed. The model is used to compare the effects of two control systems for pesticide use in arable farming in the Netherlands: the governmental system focusing on the amount of active ingredients used per hectare; and an alternative based on the detailed environmental criteria of the yardstick. The application for arable farming on a sandy soil indicates that, in the context of the national pesticides use reduction objectives for the year 2000, the economic effects of the two systems are similar. The environmental implications are far better represented by the yardstick, however.

scholarly journals A plea for realistic assumptions in economic modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 417
Author(s):  
Leonardo Ivarola
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target System ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Black Swan ◽  
Invariant Factors

The use of unrealistic assumptions in Economics is usually defended not only for pragmatic reasons, but also because of the intrinsic difficulties in determining the degree of realism of assumptions. Additionally, the criterion used for evaluating economic models is associated with their ability to provide accurate predictions. This mode of thought involves –at least implicitly– a commitment to the existence of unvarying invariant factors or regularities. Contrary to this, the present paper presents a critique to the use of invariant knowledge in economics. One reason for this analysis lies in the fact that economic phenomena are not compatible with the logic of invariance, but with the logic of "possibility trees" or "open-ended results". The other reason is that the use of invariant knowledge may entail both external validity problems and negative exposures to a "black swan". Alternatively, an approach where models are understood as possible scenarios is proposed. It is argued that the realism of (substantive) assumptions is crucial here, since it helps to ascertain the degree of resemblance between the different models and the target system.

scholarly journals ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ В СИСТЕМІ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Наталія Сергіївна Ручинська
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Mathematical Economic ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Functional Changes

Contemporary realia of transformational processes in Ukraine's economy drive the need for implementation of a specific toolkit that seamlessly integrates a range of mathematical methods to solve economic problems. Mathematical economic models are increasingly becoming indispensable tools for modern theoretical and applied economics. However, the self-sufficiency of this research approach has been repeatedly questioned due to a number of organizational and institutional challenges in the economic science and education domains, as well as in the context of functional changes in the economy as a whole. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the concept of the role and significance of mathematical economic modelling within the framework of theoretical and applied economic research, along with providing insights into the role of mathematical economic modelling as a separate area of study and applied economic research viewed as a connecting link in the triad of "economic theory – economic policy – business practice". It is argued that a mathematical economic model has to be legitimized as a separate research subject (to some extent similar to the concept of a legal entity in the economy) that complies with certain requirements of economic theory and economic information. For this purpose the model should entail specific inherent characteristics including the model datasheet which is a unique identifier of a model, contributing to clear differentiation of one model from another. Alongside with the need to enhance the methodology and application of mathematical economic models, an overdue challenge is the demand for inventory of existing model park, the preparation of a comprehensive Handbook on mathematical economic modelling tools providing specific outcomes of their application which is consistent with published scholarly literature and applied studies on modelling methods and models of real objects and systems.

scholarly journals Economic Modelling of the Delay in Passing the Petroleum Industry Bill in Nigeria and Its Impact on Deep Offshore Investments and Government Take Statistics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oghenerume Ogolo ◽  
Petrus Nzerem
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Petroleum Sector ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Offshore Region

Abstract The petroleum industry bill (PIB) in Nigeria aims to reform the petroleum sector of the country and increase government revenue from petroleum investments. Despite the benefits the bill offers to the country, its passage has suffered several setbacks. This research therefore studied the impact of the delay in passing the bill on deep offshore investments. Economic models were built using the fiscal terms in PIB 2009 and 1993 production sharing contract (PSC) arrangement to evaluate the impact of the bill. The model with the 1993 PSC fiscal terms was adjusted to capture the delay in passing the bill. The bill was assumed to be passed on a yearly basis for 10 years (2010 to 2019). The impact of the delay in passing the bill based on the reserve portfolio of firms in the deep offshore region of the country was also evaluated. The delay in passing the PIB reduced the government take. It was seen that for the non-passage of the bill, the government lost about $1227.2 MM. When the bill was passed in 2019, the government had been losing about $11.843 MM on a yearly basis due to the delay in passing the bill.

Demographics in Demographic—Economic Models: A Note on the Basic Activity—Commodity Framework

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1531-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hynes ◽  
R W Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Household Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Basic Activity ◽  
Subsequent Literature ◽  
New Jobs

The significant contributions of demographic—economic modelling to the area of impact assessment are recognised, but it is argued that much greater attention must be focused on the demographic components of these models. In particular, distinctions between household types must be treated more adequately, and mechanisms for changes in household type must be articulated and refined. The inadequacy of the current state of demographic—economic models in this regard is demonstrated by a reconsideration of the early basic formulation of Madden and Batey, upon which much of the subsequent literature draws. The simple failure of this model to allocate new jobs to unemployed nonheads of households illustrates the need for increased focus on the demographic aspect of demo—economic models.

Environmental Economic Power Dispatch Using Bat Algorithm with Generalized Fly and Evolutionary Boundary Constraint Handling Scheme

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-191
Author(s):  
Latifa Dekhici ◽  
Khaled Guerraiche ◽  
Khaled Belkadi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Bat Algorithm ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Constraint Handling ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Power Dispatch ◽  
Boundary Constraint ◽  
Economic Power Dispatch

This article intends to resolve the evolving environmental economic power dispatching problem (EED) using an enhanced version of the bat algorithm (BA) which is the Bat Algorithm with Generalized Fly (BAG). A good solution based on the Evolutionary Boundary Constraint Handling Scheme rather than the well-known absorbing technique and a good choice of the bi-objective function are provided to maintain the advantages of such algorithms on this problem. In the first stage, an individual economic power dispatch problem is considered by minimizing the fuel cost and taking into account the maximum pollutant emission. In the second stage and after weighting soft constraints satisfaction maximization and hard constraints abuse penalties, the proposed approach of the bi-objective environmental and economic load dispatch was built on a pareto function. The approach was tested on a thermal power plant with 10 generators and an IEEE30 power system of 6 generators. The results on the two datasets compared to those of other methods show that the proposed technique yields better cost and pollutant emissions.

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