The Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Urban-Rural Income Gap in China: An Empirical Analysis based on Comprehensive FGLS Estimation

Based on the analysis of mathematical economic models and using panel data from Chinese 31 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from1978 to 2019, empirically analyzing the influence of agricultural mechanization on Chinese urban-rural income gap by using the comprehensive FGLS (Feasible Generalized Least Square) estimation. Finally found that, in China, agricultural mechanization can significantly narrow urban-rural income gap, and Suggestions are put forward to improve the level of Chinese agricultural mechanization and narrow Chinese urban-rural income gap.

Methods of Population Estimation and Projection

This research paper tries to clarify the differences between population estimation and projection. The main objective of this study is to introduce basic concept of population estimation and projection. It also explains the tools and techniques for estimation and projection of population in both regional and national levels. However, the perception of population estimation and projection is frequently confusing to the readers. Though the difference between the two is relatively normal and straightforward. Both concepts generate numbers that is intended to indicate the size of the population of a given geographical area at a specific point of time. Most of the developing countries, censuses are taken at every ten years' interval. Major changes of demographic events and features of the population are obtained for short periods. In this way, the foremost purpose of this study is to provide reliable and satisfactory projected data in both provincial and national levels. Various tools and techniques have been developed for estimation and projection of population i.e. mathematical, economic and cohort component. These techniques require accurate data and reliable information related to the fertility, mortality and migration of the country. In conclusion, the reliable projected data are vital for business and program planning, transparency, prosperity, policy discourse and good governance in different sectors of the nation for the upcoming days.

ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ В СИСТЕМІ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ

Contemporary realia of transformational processes in Ukraine's economy drive the need for implementation of a specific toolkit that seamlessly integrates a range of mathematical methods to solve economic problems. Mathematical economic models are increasingly becoming indispensable tools for modern theoretical and applied economics. However, the self-sufficiency of this research approach has been repeatedly questioned due to a number of organizational and institutional challenges in the economic science and education domains, as well as in the context of functional changes in the economy as a whole. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the concept of the role and significance of mathematical economic modelling within the framework of theoretical and applied economic research, along with providing insights into the role of mathematical economic modelling as a separate area of study and applied economic research viewed as a connecting link in the triad of "economic theory – economic policy – business practice". It is argued that a mathematical economic model has to be legitimized as a separate research subject (to some extent similar to the concept of a legal entity in the economy) that complies with certain requirements of economic theory and economic information. For this purpose the model should entail specific inherent characteristics including the model datasheet which is a unique identifier of a model, contributing to clear differentiation of one model from another. Alongside with the need to enhance the methodology and application of mathematical economic models, an overdue challenge is the demand for inventory of existing model park, the preparation of a comprehensive Handbook on mathematical economic modelling tools providing specific outcomes of their application which is consistent with published scholarly literature and applied studies on modelling methods and models of real objects and systems.

INNOVATIONS AND SMALL BUSINESS: CURRENT SITUATION AND MODELING

Presents an analysis of patterns and features innovative development factors and elements of innovation infrastructure in developed and developing economies of the world, including Russian. A set of mathematical economic models assessing the potential of innovative development of the economic entity. The technique of small enterprises transition to innovative development. For professionals in the field of innovation management, researchers, graduate students and doctoral candidates