Influence of dry-rolled corn processing and distiller’s grain inclusion rate on ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentration, in vitro methane production and enzyme activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faithe E. Keomanivong ◽  
Megan C. Ruch ◽  
Jeng-Hung Liu ◽  
James D. Kirsch ◽  
Marc L. Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Corn Processing

Essential oils from Lippia turbinata and Tagetes minuta persistently reduce in vitro ruminal methane production in a continuous-culture system

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Garcia ◽  
P. E. Vercoe ◽  
M. J. Martínez ◽  
Z. Durmic ◽  
M. A. Brunetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Tagetes Minuta

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of essential oils (EO) from Lippia turbinata (LT) and Tagetes minuta (TM) as well as the rotation of both EO on fermentation parameters in vitro. Daily addition of LT, TM, or a 3-day rotation between them (TM/LT), as well as a control (without EO), was evaluated using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). The experiment lasted 19 days, with a 7-day adaptation period, followed by 12 days of treatment (Days 0–12). The EO were dissolved in ethanol (70% vol/vol) to be added daily to fermenters (300 μL/L) from Day 0. Daily measurements included methane concentration, total gas production, apparent DM disappearance and pH, which started 2 days before the addition of treatments. On Days 0, 4, 8 and 12 apparent crude protein disappearance and neutral detergent fibre disappearance, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentration and composition were determined. Methane production was significantly inhibited shortly after addition of both EO added individually, and persisted over time with no apparent adaptation to EO addition. The TM/LT treatment showed a similar effect on methane production, suggesting that rotating the EO did not bring further improvements in reduction or persistency compared with the inclusion of the EO individually. Gas production, total volatile fatty acid concentration and composition and apparent crude protein disappearance were not affected by EO addition. Compared with the control, a 5% reduction of apparent DM disappearance and a 15% reduction of neutral detergent fibre disappearance were observed with the addition of EO. Only TM and TM/LT reduced ammonia concentration. Given the significant and persistent antimethanogenic activity of both EO, and the potential of T. minuta to modify nitrogen metabolism, EO from these plant species are of interest for developing new feed additives with potential application in ruminant nutrition that are also likely to be acceptable to consumers.

scholarly journals Exploiting Compositionally Similar Grape Marc Samples to Achieve Gradients of Condensed Tannin and Fatty Acids for Modulating In Vitro Methanogenesis

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1793
Author(s):  
Josh Hixson ◽  
Zoey Durmic ◽  
Joy Vadhanabhuti ◽  
Philip Vercoe ◽  
Paul Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Grape Marc ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Tannin Concentration

Ruminants produce large amounts of the greenhouse gas, methane, which can be reduced by supplementing feed with products that contain anti-methanogenic compounds, such as the solid winemaking by-product, grape marc. The aim of this study was to exploit compositional differences in grape marc to better understand the roles of condensed tannin and fatty acids in altering methanogenesis in a ruminant system. Grape marc samples varying in tannin extractability, tannin size and subunit composition, and fatty acid or tannin concentrations were selected and incubated in rumen fluid using an in vitro batch fermentation approach with a concentrate-based control. Four distinct experiments were designed to investigate the effects on overall fermentation and methane production. Generally, fatty acid concentration in grape marc was associated with decreased total gas volumes and volatile fatty acid concentration, whereas increased condensed tannin concentration tended to decrease methane percentage. Smaller, extractable tannin was more effective at reducing methane production, without decreasing overall gas production. In conclusion, fatty acids and tannin concentration, and tannin structure in grape marc play a significant role in the anti-methanogenic effect of this by-product when studied in vitro. These results should be considered when developing strategies to reduce methane in ruminants by feeding grape marc.

scholarly journals Effects of a Salt Lick Containing Sodium Bicarbonate on Ruminal pH and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration in Cattle

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 844-849
Author(s):  
Toshihiro ICHIJO ◽  
Katsunori NAGAHAMA ◽  
Akira OHKUBO ◽  
Kentarou IKUTA ◽  
Keiji OKADA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Salt Lick

The effects of essential oil and condensed tannin on fermentation and methane production under in vitro conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Pinski ◽  
Mevlüt Günal ◽  
Amer A. AbuGhazaleh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Tannin Extract ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The potential of five different essential oils (EO) and quebracho condensed tannin extract (QCT) as antimethanogenic additives in ruminant feeds were investigated. The first experiment was conducted to screen the effects rosemary oil, sage oil, cinnamon oil (CNO), eucalyptus oil and myrrh oil at 500 mg/L of culture fluid on methane (CH4) production under in vitro conditions. Rumen contents were collected from a cannulated Holstein dairy cow and used for a 24-h batch-culture experiment. Treatments were a control (CON) or CON plus EO at 500 mg/L. Results showed that CNO decreased CH4 production and, therefore, was selected for Experiment 2. The second experiment was designed to test the effects of CNO at three different dose levels on CH4 production and fermentation in 24-h batch-culture experiments. Treatments were CON or CON plus CNO supplemented at 125, 250 and 500 mg/L. Relative to CON, CNO decreased total gas production at the 250 and 500 mg/L doses. All doses of CNO decreased CH4 production. Total volatile fatty acid production was lower in cultures incubated with CNO at the 500 mg/L. Ammonia-N concentration decreased in cultures incubated with CNO at the 500 mg/L. The third experiment was designed to test the effects of QCT on CH4 production and fermentation in 24-h batch cultures. Treatments were CON or CON plus QCT at 25, 50 and 75 g/kg of diet DM. Relative to CON, total volatile fatty acid concentration increased with the 50 g/kg QCT, but was similar to the 25 and 75 g/kg QCT. The proportions of acetate decreased, while the proportions of propionate increased with the 25 g/kg QCT compared with CON. Methane production was not affected in cultures incubated with QCT. Relative to CON, all doses of QCT decreased ammonia-N concentration. In conclusion, results from the present study showed that except for CNO, EO tested in the study had no effects on rumen CH4 production. Addition of CNO to rumen cultures at 125 and 250 mg/L reduced CH4 production without negative effects on rumen fermentation. Quebracho condensed tannin-extract supplementation had no effects on CH4 production and fermentation parameters except for ammonia-N concentration.

An initial investigation on rumen fermentation pattern and methane emission of sheep offered diets containing urea or nitrate as the nitrogen source

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Li ◽  
J. Davis ◽  
J. Nolan ◽  
R. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

The effects of dietary nitrate and of urea on rumen fermentation pattern and enteric methane production were investigated using 4-month-old ewe lambs. Ten lambs were allocated into two groups (n = 5) and each group was offered one of two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing either 1.5% urea (T1) or 3% calcium nitrate (T2). Methane production was estimated using open-circuit respiration chambers after 6 weeks of feeding. No difference in nitrogen (N) balance, apparent digestibility of N or microbial N outflow existed between treatments (P > 0.05). Animals offered the T2 diet lost less energy through methane than did those fed the T1 diet (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration, molar proportion of propionate, and the molar ratio of acetate to propionate in rumen fluid were not affected by dietary N source. Compared with urea inclusion, nitrate inclusion caused a significantly higher acetate and lower butyrate percentage in rumen volatile fatty acid. Nitrate supplementation tended to lower methane production by ~7.7 L/day relative to urea supplementation (P = 0.06). Methane yield (L/kg DM intake) was reduced (P < 0.05) by 35.4% when 1.5% urea was replaced by 3% calcium nitrate in the diet. Emission intensity (L methane/kg liveweight gain) was ~17.3% lower in the nitrate-supplemented sheep when compared with urea-fed sheep; however, the reduction was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This study confirms that the presence of nitrate in the diet inhibits enteric methane production. As no clinical symptoms of nitrite toxicity were observed and sheep receiving nitrate-supplemented diet had similar growth to those consuming urea-supplemented diet, it is concluded that 3% calcium nitrate can replace 1.5% urea as a means of meeting ruminal N requirements and of reducing enteric methane emissions from sheep, provided animals are acclimated to nitrate gradually.

Effect of treatment with sodium hydroxide on the feeding value of oat and rape straw for sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
JG Mulholland ◽  
RI Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rape Straw ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Naoh Treatment

Oat and rape straws were treated with NaOH (70 and 40 g kg-1, respectively) by spraying with NaOH solutions (20 or 12.5% w/w), consolidating the sprayed straw into stacks, and storing under plastic. After storage for up to 60 weeks, in vitro digestibilities had been approximately doubled, although it appeared that the reaction was complete by 4 weeks. Potential digestibility of straw organic matter estimated by a polyester bag technique, was increased by c. 0.1 by NaOH treatment but the rate of digestion in the rumen was not changed. Following storage, treated and untreated straws were dried, ground, mixed with supplements and pelleted for feeding to sheep. Mixtures of treated or untreated oat straw, minerals, c. 3% urea and 0, 14, 28 or 42% starch were fed to mature wethers. The main effects of NaOH treatment of straw were to increase water intake, digestibilities of organic matter and cellulose, and rumen volatile fatty acid levels, and decrease rumen ammonia levels. Low intakes of NaOH-straw with no added starch were associated with high rumen pH (> 7.5 , probably due to unreacted alkali (equivalent to 23 g NaOH kg-1). Inclusion of starch, but not NaOH-straw treatment, improved dietary N utilization, although mean N balances were negative (- 5.5 to - 0.1 g day-1) on all diets. Feeding treated straw increased the amounts of Na eaten, and of Na and P apparently absorbed; the extra absorption was accounted for by increased urinary excretion so that retention was not increased. When diets of rape straw supplemented with urea and minerals were fed to 2-year-old wethers, NaOH treatment of straw increased intakes of food and water, organic matter digestibility, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration and N balance.

Effect of monensin on in vitro fermentation of maize starch by hindgut contents of cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Marounek ◽  
O. Petr ◽  
L. Machañová
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

SUMMARYContents of the caecum and the colon of four steers and four cows fed concentrate-plus-roughage diets were obtained at an abattoir, transferred to the laboratory and incubated anaerobically with maize starch in the presence (10mg/l) or absence of monensin. Samples taken at the end of incubation were assayed for fermentation acids and methane production.Monensin significantly increased the molar percentage of propionate and decreased that of butyrate. Acetate percentage was not significantly influence by the addition of monensin. There was no consistent effect of monensin on total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Monensin decreased methanogenesis in all incubations. The production of methane was small, only 1 mmol/13–50 mmol of volatile fatty acid.

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