Preferences of sheep grazing down conterminal monocultures of Lolium perenne–Festuca arundinacea: Test of an energy intake rate maximisation hypothesis using the short-term double weighing technique

We develop a model to predict position choice of drift-feeding stream salmonids, assuming a fish chooses the position that maximizes its net energy intake rate. The fish's habitat is represented as a series of stream cross-profiles, each divided into vertical strips characterized by water depth and velocity. The fish may select a focal point in any of these strips, and include several neighbouring strips in its foraging area. The number of prey the fish encounters depends on its reaction distance to prey, water depth, and water velocity; the proportion of detected prey the fish is able to capture declines with water velocity. The fish's net energy intake rate is its gross energy intake rate from feeding minus the swimming cost calculated by using water velocity at the fish's focal point. There was a close match between the positions predicted by this model and those chosen by solitary Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in the pools of a mountain stream in Alaska.

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Downy woodpecker foraging behavior: foraging by expectation and energy intake rate

Oecologia ◽

10.1007/bf00399223 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 232-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Steven L. Lima

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Foraging Behavior ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Energy Intake Rate

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Cracker shape modifies ad libitum snack intake of crackers with cheese dip

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520002056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 124 (9) ◽

pp. 988-997 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arianne van Eck ◽

Anouk van Stratum ◽

Dimitra Achlada ◽

Benoît Goldschmidt ◽

Elke Scholten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

High Energy ◽

Crossover Design ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Eating Rate ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Food Properties ◽

Moderate Energy ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Energy Intake Rate

AbstractFood and energy intake can be effectively lowered by changing food properties, but little is known whether modifying food shape is sufficient to influence intake. This study investigated the influence of cracker shape and cheese viscosity on ad libitum intake of cracker–cheese combinations. Forty-four participants (thirteen males, 23 (sd 3) years, BMI 21 (sd 2) kg/m2) participated in four late afternoon snack sessions (2 × 2 randomised crossover design). Iso-energetic crackers were baked into flat squares and finger-shape cylindrical sticks and combined with a cheese dip varying in viscosity. Approximately eighty crackers and 500 g cheese dip were served in separate large bowls. Participants consumed crackers with cheese dip ad libitum while watching a movie of 30 min. Dipping behaviour and oral processing behaviour were measured simultaneously by hidden balances under the cheese bowls and video recordings. Cracker intake (28 (sem 1) crackers) of cracker–cheese combinations was not influenced by cracker shape. Cheese intake of cracker–cheese combinations was 15 % higher for flat-squared than finger-shape crackers (131 kJ, P = 0·016), as a larger amount of cheese was scooped with flat-squared crackers (2·9 (sem 0·2) v. 2·3 (sem 0·1) g cheese per dip, P < 0·001) and showed higher eating rate and energy intake rate (P < 0·001). Eating rate over snacking time decreased by reducing bite frequency (P < 0·001) while cheese dip size remained fairly constant (P = 0·12). Larger energy intake from condiments was facilitated by increased cracker surface, and this did not trigger earlier satiation. Changing food carrier surface may be a promising approach to moderate energy intake of often high energy dense condiments, sauces and toppings.

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Comparative productivity of perennial and annual pastures under continuous grazing by sheep

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9820364 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 22 (119) ◽

pp. 364 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AL Rogers ◽

EF Biddiscombe ◽

RJW Barron ◽

DJ Briegel

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Weight Change ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Early Winter ◽

Sheep Grazing ◽

Wool Production ◽

Continuous Grazing ◽

Rainfall Region

The productivity of sheep grazing clover based pastures with and without sown perennial grasses was evaluated at two sites in the 500-550 mm rainfall region of south-western Australia. The grasses were Phalaris aquatica, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, and Festuca arundinacea (one site only). There were significant differences between the effects of the pastures on liveweight change in each year. The inclusion of perennial grasses tended to reduce liveweight loss during autumn and early winter, when the range of differences in weight change was commonly 4-6 kg/head. Most consistent results were obtained in the sheep grazing P. aquatica and F. arundinacea pastures; D. glomerata, L. perenne, and annual pastures were more variable between seasons and between sites. Significant differences were also found in wool production. Sheep grazing F. arundinacea and P. aquatica showed mean adjusted fleece weights 0.29-0.76 kg/head greater than those from sheep grazing annuals. At the end of the experiments, survival of sown grasses at the respective sites was 17 and 25 plants/m2 for P. aquatica, 43 and 29/m2 for D. glomerata, 27/m2 for F. arundinacea, and less than 1/m2 for L. perenne. The contribution of perennials to total herbage tended to decline with time. The results suggest that advantages in liveweight and wool production may be gained by the addition of some perennial grasses to the pastures of the region.

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Ultra-Processing or Oral Processing? A Role for Energy Density and Eating Rate in Moderating Energy Intake from Processed Foods

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ciarán G Forde ◽

Monica Mars ◽

Kees de Graaf

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Causal Mechanism ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Eating Rate ◽

Measured Energy ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

The Impact ◽

Energy Intake Rate

ABSTRACT Background Recent observational data and a controlled in-patient crossover feeding trial show that consumption of “ultra-processed foods” (UPFs), as defined by the NOVA classification system, is associated with higher energy intake, adiposity, and at a population level, higher prevalence of obesity. A drawback of the NOVA classification is the lack of evidence supporting a causal mechanism for why UPFs lead to overconsumption of energy. In a recent study by Hall the energy intake rate in the UPF condition (48 kcal/min) was >50% higher than in the unprocessed condition (31 kcal/min). Extensive empirical evidence has shown the impact that higher energy density has on increasing ad libitum energy intake and body weight. A significant body of research has shown that consuming foods at higher eating rates is related to higher energy intake and a higher prevalence of obesity. Energy density can be combined with eating rate to create a measure of energy intake rate (kcal/min), providing an index of a food's potential to promote increased energy intake. Objective The current paper compared the association between measured energy intake rate and level of processing as defined by the NOVA classification. Methods Data were pooled from 5 published studies that measured energy intake rates across a total sample of 327 foods. Results We show that going from unprocessed, to processed, to UPFs that the average energy intake rate increases from 35.5 ± 4.4, to 53.7 ± 4.3, to 69.4 ± 3.1 kcal/min (P < 0.05). However, within each processing category there is wide variability in the energy intake rate. Conclusions We conclude that reported relations between UPF consumption and obesity should account for differences in energy intake rates when comparing unprocessed and ultra-processed diets. Future research requires well-controlled human feeding trials to establish the causal mechanisms for why certain UPFs can promote higher energy intake.

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Examining feeding strategies and position choice of drift-feeding salmonids using an individual-based, mechanistic foraging model

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f00-257 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 446-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

G R Guensch ◽

T B Hardy ◽

R C Addley

Keyword(s):

Habitat Selection ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Brown Trout ◽

Salmo Trutta ◽

Prey Capture ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Net Energy ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Drift Feeding ◽

Energy Intake Rate

We demonstrated the ability of a mechanistic habitat selection model to predict habitat selection of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) during summer and winter conditions in the Blacksmith Fork River, Utah. By subtracting energy costs and losses from the gross energy intake rate (GEI) obtained through simulation of prey capture, the model calculates the potential net energy intake rate (NEI) of a given stream position, which is essentially the rate of energy intake available for growth and reproduction. The prey capture model incorporates the size, swimming speed, and reaction distance of the fish; the velocity, depth, temperature, and turbidity of the water; and the density and size composition of the drifting invertebrates. The results suggest that during both summer and winter, the brown trout and mountain whitefish in our study reach avoided locations providing low NEI and preferred locations providing a high ratio of NEI to the swimming cost (SC) at the focal position of the fish (NEI/SC). This supports the idea that the drift-feeding fish in this study selected stream positions that provided adequate NEI for the least amount of swimming effort.

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Combined Impact of a Faster Self-Reported Eating Rate and Higher Dietary Energy Intake Rate on Energy Intake and Adiposity

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3264

Author(s):

Pey Sze Teo ◽

Rob M. van Dam ◽

Ciarán G. Forde

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Population Based ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Eating Rate ◽

Simple Slope ◽

Combined Impact ◽

Asian Cohort ◽

Energy Intake Rate

Eating more quickly and consuming foods with a higher energy-intake-rate (EIR: kcal/min) is associated with greater energy intake and adiposity. However, it remains unclear whether individuals who eat more quickly are more likely to consume foods with higher EIR. We investigated the overlap between self-reported eating rate (SRER) and the consumption of higher EIR foods, and their combined impact on daily energy intake and adiposity in a population-based Asian cohort (n = 7011; 21–75y). Food consumption was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Moderated regression with simple slope analysis was conducted to evaluate whether SRER modified the association between dietary EIR and total dietary energy intakes. Faster eaters consumed a significantly higher proportion of energy from higher EIR foods among overweight individuals, but not among normal-weight individuals. Associations between dietary EIR and total energy intake were stronger among medium (β = 15.04, 95%CI: 13.00–17.08) and fast (β = 15.69, 95%CI: 12.61–18.78) eaters, compared with slower eaters (β = 9.89, 95%CI: 5.11–14.67; p-interaction = 0.032). Higher dietary EIR also tended to be more strongly associated with BMI in fast eaters (β = 0.025, 95%CI: 0.011–0.038) than in slow eaters (β = 0.017, 95%CI: −0.007–0.040). These findings suggest that the combination of eating more quickly and selecting a greater proportion of energy from higher EIR foods (i.e., softly textured, energy dense), promoted higher dietary energy intakes and adiposity.

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