Vertical distribution of particulate matter, black carbon and ultra-fine particles in Stuttgart, Germany

Ambient particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) samples were collected in different laboratories and sitting rooms at the Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka campus in Dhaka on weekdays using AirMetrics Samplers from September to December 2006. The samples were analyzed for elemental concentrations by ED XRF method. Black carbon was analyzed by reflectance. The data sets were analyzed by reconstructive mass (RCM) methods to check the mass closer and also to identify the possible sources of atmospheric aerosols in these closed areas. It was observed that in these closed areas, 74 to 98% of the particulate mass belong to fine particles mass (PM2.5). Mostly three and four sources have been identified in both PM10 and PM2.5 fractions respectively. The sources are soil, combustion products (signature elements are BC and OC), Pb and Zn containing sources. It was found that about 70 to 98% of total mass is black carbon together with organic carbon. Keywords: RCM, PM, AECD campus, XRF method DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2947 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 25-36, 2009

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Particulate Matter Produced by Micro-Scale Biomass Combustion in an Oxygen-Lean Atmosphere

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11123359 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3359 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jan Poláčik ◽

Ladislav Šnajdárek ◽

Michal Špiláček ◽

Jiří Pospíšil ◽

Tomáš Sitek

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Wood Sample ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Biomass Combustion ◽

Laboratory Procedure ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Ultra Fine Particles

This article extends earlier research by the authors that was devoted to the experimental evaluation of ultra-fine particles produced by the laboratory combustion of beechwood samples. These particles can have severe influence on human health. The current paper presents a parametrical study carried out to assess the influence of the composition of the atmosphere and the temperature on the production of ultra-fine particles during the micro-scale combustion process. The paper presents a laboratory procedure that incorporate the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and detailed monitoring of the size distribution of the produced fine particles. The study utilises the laboratory scale identification of the formation and growth of the fine particles during the temperature increase of beech wood samples. It also compares the particle emissions produced by beech heartwood and beech bark. The size of the emitted particles is very strongly influenced by the concentration of light volatiles released from the heated wood sample. From the experimental study, decreasing oxygen content in the atmosphere generally results in higher particulate matter (PM) production.

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Evolution of Risk of Diesel Engine Emissions on Health During Last 4 Decades and Comparison With Other Engine Cycles: An Innovative Survey

Volume 12: Transportation Systems ◽

10.1115/imece2015-51887 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. Bari ◽

R. Marian

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Ultra Fine Particles

Technological evolution has sometimes surprising and unintended consequences. Diesel engine improved drastically over time. Superficially, this translated into transforming dirty, smoky diesel engines into very clean units. However, the particles emitted by the latest engines are a several orders of magnitude smaller and more numerous. They are known as Ultra-fine particles (UFP). When they are formed in the combustion process, their surface adsorbs and traps harmful chemicals that may end up being delivered, aspired and harming humans, animals and plants. Over 40 mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals are present in diesel exhaust particulates. Existing ceramic type filter for diesel engines, known as diesel particulate filter (DPF), is used to reduce both particulate matter (PM) number and mass concentration. The main disadvantages of DPF are cost, clogging of the filters and mechanical cracking during regeneration which causes them to fail. Alternative to DPF, devices made of metallic materials known as flow through filters (FTF) have become promising PM emission control devices. FTF have low pressure drop and less complex structure compared to DPF, but PM reduction efficiencies much lower than DPF. FTF with corona charging upstream of the filter to charge PM and imposing an electrostatic field onto the FTF to capture the PM is another alternative to DPF. This is known as electrostatic diesel particulate matter filtration system (EDPS). The EDPS has 40% more efficiency than FTF, but 10% less than DPF. This paper presents a thorough literature review on emissions, distribution of particles, their evolution and effects on health in the last 4 decades across spark ignited and compression ignited engines. The paper also discusses the characteristic and evolution of DPF, FTP and EDPS to capture diesel particles.

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Personal Exposure of Traffic Policeman to Particulate Matter in Jakarta: Distribution of Size, Chemical Composition, and Work Time

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v14i2.3165 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Doni Hikmat Ramdhan ◽

Eka Fitriani Ahmad ◽

Fitri Kurniasari ◽

Zuly Prima Rizky ◽

Hardy Atmajaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Personal Exposure ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

High Concentration ◽

Traffic Policeman ◽

Near Highway

Particulate matter (PM) is an air pollutant that has an impact on public health, especially in an urban area. The objective of this study was to analyze the personal concentration of PM2.5 and its composition among police working in the roadside area in Jakarta. PM measurement has done to the policeman that controlled traffic on four near highway locations in Jakarta. Sioutas impactor, Leland Legacy personal pump, and quartz fiber filter were chosen to measure the fine particles. Each PM was measured for 8-hour period. PM concentration was analyzed by the gravimetric method while tracing element and black carbon in PM0.25 by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and EEL Smoke Stain Reflectometer. As a result, near highway PM2.5 concentration in Jakarta during weekdays and weekends measurement are 92.18 ± 10.66 μg/m3, and 78.09 ± 11.61 μg/m3. S, K, Fe, Ca, Zn, and Pb are major elements found in all locations. The black carbon concentration in all location was 17 ± 5.7 μg/m3. A high concentration of fine particles, a traffic-related trace element in PM0.25, and black carbon are showed that traffic-related source is the major contributor to a high level of fine particulate matter at near highway locations in Jakarta. The weekday's concentration of PM2.5 and PM0.25 among Jakarta Policemen was higher than in the weekend concentration. A particle with size of less than 0.25 µm dominated the fine particles concentration. Further researcher is expected to see the difference in the effects of traffic-related particulate matter exposure between traffic policeman and police who work at office.

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Studies of copper selenide ultrafine particles by newly developed gas evaporation method

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100174667 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 306-307

Author(s):

Chihiro Kaito ◽

Yoshio Saito

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Ultrafine Particles ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Production Method ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Copper Selenide ◽

Quartz Boat ◽

Selenium Vapor ◽

Ar Gas ◽

Ultra Fine Particles

The direct evaporation of metallic oxides or sulfides does not always given the same compounds with starting material, i.e. decomposition took place. Since the controll of the sulfur or selenium vapors was difficult, a similar production method for oxide particles could not be used for preparation of such compounds in spite of increasing interest in the fields of material science, astrophysics and mineralogy. In the present paper, copper metal was evaporated from a molybdenum silicide heater which was proposed by us to produce the ultra-fine particles in reactive gas as shown schematically in Figure 1. Typical smoke by this method in Ar gas at a pressure of 13 kPa is shown in Figure 2. Since the temperature at a location of a few mm below the heater, maintained at 1400° C , were a few hundred degrees centigrade, the selenium powder in a quartz boat was evaporated at atmospheric temperature just below the heater. The copper vapor that evaporated from the heater was mixed with the stream of selenium vapor,and selenide was formed near the boat. If then condensed by rapid cooling due to the collision with inert gas, thus forming smoke similar to that from the metallic sulfide formation. Particles were collected and studied by a Hitachi H-800 electron microscope.Figure 3 shows typical EM images of the produced copper selenide particles. The morphology was different by the crystal structure, i.e. round shaped plate (CuSe;hexagona1 a=0.39,C=l.723 nm) ,definite shaped p1 ate(Cu5Se4;Orthorhombic;a=0.8227 , b=1.1982 , c=0.641 nm) and a tetrahedron(Cu1.8Se; cubic a=0.5739 nm). In the case of compound ultrafine particles there have been no observation for the particles of the tetrahedron shape. Since the crystal structure of Cu1.8Se is the anti-f1uorite structure, there has no polarity.

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Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.04.026 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 38 (25) ◽

pp. 4123-4133 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Scott A Fruin ◽

Arthur M Winer ◽

Charles E Rodes

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

Diesel Exhaust Particulate ◽

Carbon Concentrations ◽

Exhaust Particulate

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Effect of shot peening using ultra-fine particles on fatigue properties of 5056 aluminum alloy under rotating bending

Materials Science and Engineering A ◽

10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.076 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 652 ◽

pp. 279-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Shoichi Kikuchi ◽

Yuki Nakamura ◽

Koichiro Nambu ◽

Masafumi Ando

Keyword(s):

Aluminum Alloy ◽

Shot Peening ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Fatigue Properties ◽

Rotating Bending ◽

Ultra Fine Particles

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Regulatory T Cells Protect Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2014/869148 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wen-cai Zhang ◽

Yan-ge Wang ◽

Zheng-feng Zhu ◽

Fang-qin Wu ◽

Yu-dong Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Umbilical Vein ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Objective. To investigate the role of CD4+CD25+T cells (Tregs) in protecting fine particulate matter (PM-) induced inflammatory responses, and its potential mechanisms.Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with graded concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µg/cm2) of suspension of fine particles for 24h. For coculture experiment, HUVECs were incubated alone, with CD4+CD25−T cells (Teff), or with Tregs in the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies for 48 hours, and then were stimulated with or without suspension of fine particles for 24 hours. The expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines was examined.Results. Adhesion molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-) 6 and IL-8, were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the adhesion of human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) to endothelial cells was increased and NF-κB activity was upregulated in HUVECs after treatment with fine particles. However, after Tregs treatment, fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation were significantly alleviated. Transwell experiments showed that Treg-mediated suppression of HUVECs inflammatory responses impaired by fine particles required cell contact and soluble factors.Conclusions. Tregs could attenuate fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation in HUVECs.

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