scholarly journals Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 101414
Author(s):  
Doortje W. Dekens ◽  
Ulrich L.M. Eisel ◽  
Leonie Gouweleeuw ◽  
Regien G. Schoemaker ◽  
Peter P. De Deyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals Interactions between Apolipoprotein E Metabolism and Retinal Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Monica L. Hu ◽  
Joel Quinn ◽  
Kanmin Xue
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retinal Inflammation ◽  
The Complement System

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial retinal disorder that is a major global cause of severe visual impairment. The development of an effective therapy to treat geographic atrophy, the predominant form of AMD, remains elusive due to the incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. Central to AMD diagnosis and pathology are the hallmark lipid and proteinaceous deposits, drusen and reticular pseudodrusen, that accumulate in the subretinal pigment epithelium and subretinal spaces, respectively. Age-related changes and environmental stressors, such as smoking and a high-fat diet, are believed to interact with the many genetic risk variants that have been identified in several major biochemical pathways, including lipoprotein metabolism and the complement system. The APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE), is a major genetic risk factor for AMD, with the APOE2 allele conferring increased risk and APOE4 conferring reduced risk, in comparison to the wildtype APOE3. Paradoxically, APOE4 is the main genetic risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, a disease with features of neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition in common with AMD. The potential interactions of APOE with the complement system and amyloid-beta are discussed here to shed light on their roles in AMD pathogenesis, including in drusen biogenesis, immune cell activation and recruitment, and retinal inflammation.

scholarly journals Physiological and Pathological Ageing of Astrocytes in the Human Brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Verkerke ◽  
Elly M. Hol ◽  
Jinte Middeldorp
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Physiological Ageing ◽  
Human Astrocytes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Ageing Brain

AbstractAgeing is the greatest risk factor for dementia, although physiological ageing by itself does not lead to cognitive decline. In addition to ageing, APOE ε4 is genetically the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and is highly expressed in astrocytes. There are indications that human astrocytes change with age and upon expression of APOE4. As these glial cells maintain water and ion homeostasis in the brain and regulate neuronal transmission, it is likely that age- and APOE4-related changes in astrocytes have a major impact on brain functioning and play a role in age-related diseases. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and morphological changes of human astrocytes in ageing and the contribution of APOE4. We conclude this review with a discussion on technical issues, innovations, and future perspectives on how to gain more knowledge on astrocytes in the human ageing brain.

HISTORY OF SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE IS A RISK FACTOR FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION

Retina ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Schick ◽  
Lebriz Ersoy ◽  
Yara T. E. Lechanteur ◽  
Nicole T. M. Saksens ◽  
Carel B. Hoyng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
History Of

Abstract T P136: Potential Contributors to the Declining Impact of Stroke Risk Factors with Age: Implications for Stroke Epidemiology in the Elderly

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Howard ◽  
Mary Cushman ◽  
Maciej Banach ◽  
Brett M Kissela ◽  
David C Goff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age Related Changes

Purpose: The importance of stroke research in the elderly is increasing as America is “graying.” For most risk factors for most diseases (including stroke), the magnitude of association with incident events decreases at older ages. Potential changes in the impact of risk factors could be a “true” effect, or could be due to methodological issues such as age-related changes in residual confounding. Methods: REGARDS followed 27,748 stroke-free participants age 45 and over for an average of 5.3 years, during which 715 incident strokes occurred. The association of the “Framingham” risk factors (hypertension [HTN], diabetes, smoking, AFib, LVH and heart disease) with incident stroke risk was assessed in age strata of 45-64 (Young), 65-74 (Middle), and 75+ (Old). For those with and without an “index” risk factor (e.g., HTN), the average number of “other” risk factors was calculated. Results: With the exception of AFib, there was a monotonic decrease in the magnitude of the impact across the age strata, with HTN, diabetes, smoking and LVH even becoming non-significant in the elderly (Figure 1). However, for most factors, the increasing prevalence of other risk factors with age impacts primarily those with the index risk factor absent (Figure 2, example HTN as the “index” risk factor). Discussion: The impact of stroke risk factors substantially declined at older ages. However, this decrease is partially attributable to increases in the prevalence of other risk factors among those without the index risk factor, as there was little change in the prevalence of other risk factors in those with the index risk factor. Hence, the impact of the index risk factor is attenuated by increased risk in the comparison group. If this phenomenon is active with latent risk factors, estimates from multivariable analysis will also decrease with age. A deeper understanding of age-related changes in the impact of risk factors is needed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Effect of Ninjin'yoeito on Regional Brain Glucose Metabolism by 18F-FDG Autoradiography With Insulin Loading in Aged Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingmin Zhao ◽  
Ryota Imai ◽  
Naoyuki Ukon ◽  
Saki Shimoyama ◽  
Chengbo Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Glucose ◽  
Brain Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Age Related

Introduction: A recent clinical study revealed that Ninjin'yoeito (NYT) may potentially improve cognitive outcome. However, the mechanism by which NYT exerts its effect on elderly patients remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Ninjin'yoeito on regional brain glucose metabolism by 18F-FDG autoradiography with insulin loading in aged wild-type mice.Materials and Methods: After 12 weeks of feeding NYT, mice were assigned to the control and insulin-loaded groups and received an intraperitoneal injection of human insulin (2 U/kg body weight) 30 min prior to 18F-FDG injection. Ninety minutes after the injection, brain autoradiography was performed.Results: After insulin loading, the 18F-FDG accumulation showed negative changes in the cortex, striatum, thalamus, and hippocampus in the control group, whereas positive changes were observed in the NYT-treated group.Conclusions: Ninjin'yoeito may potentially reduce insulin resistance in the brain regions in aged mice, thereby preventing age-related brain diseases.

scholarly journals Repetitive mTBI is associated with age-related reductions in cerebral blood flow but not cortical thickness

2020 ◽  
pp. 0271678X1989744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra L Clark ◽  
Alexandra J Weigand ◽  
Katherine J Bangen ◽  
Victoria C Merritt ◽  
Mark W Bondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cerebrovascular Dysfunction ◽  
Parietal Cortices

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and evidence suggests cerebrovascular dysregulation initiates deleterious neurodegenerative cascades. We examined whether mTBI history alters cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cortical thickness in regions vulnerable to early AD-related changes. Seventy-four young to middle-aged Veterans (mean age = 34, range = 23–48) underwent brain scans. Participants were divided into: (1) Veteran Controls ( n =  27), (2) 1–2 mTBIs ( n =  26), and (2) 3+ mTBIs ( n =  21) groups. Resting CBF was measured using MP-PCASL. T1 structural scans were processed with FreeSurfer. CBF and cortical thickness estimates were extracted from nine AD-vulnerable regions. Regression analyses examined whether mTBI moderated the association between age, CBF, and cortical thickness. Regressions adjusting for sex and posttraumatic stress revealed mTBI moderated the association between age and CBF of the precuneus as well as superior and inferior parietal cortices ( p’s < .05); increasing age was associated with lower CBF in the 3+ mTBIs group, but not in the VCs or 1–2 mTBIs groups. mTBI did not moderate associations between age and cortical thickness ( p’s >.05). Repetitive mTBI is associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction in AD-vulnerable regions and may accelerate pathological aging trajectories.

scholarly journals Lipocalin-2 deficiency may predispose to the progression of spontaneous age-related adiposity in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keya Meyers ◽  
María López ◽  
Joanna Ho ◽  
Savannah Wills ◽  
Srujana Rayalam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals The Relevance of Cataract as a Risk Factor for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Machine Learning Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5550
Author(s):  
Antonieta Martínez-Velasco ◽  
Lourdes Martínez-Villaseñor ◽  
Luis Miralles-Pechuán ◽  
Andric C. Perez-Ortiz ◽  
Juan C. Zenteno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Machine Learning Approach

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual dysfunction and irreversible blindness in developed countries and a rising cause in underdeveloped countries. There is a current debate on whether or not cataracts are significant risk factors for AMD development. In particular, research regarding this association is so far inconclusive. For this reason, we aimed to employ here a machine-learning approach to analyze the relevance and importance of cataracts as a risk factor for AMD in a large cohort of Hispanics from Mexico. We conducted a nested case control study of 119 cataract cases and 137 healthy unmatched controls focusing on clinical data from electronic medical records. Additionally, we studied two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CFH gene previously associated with the disease in various populations as positive control for our method. We next determined the most relevant variables and found the bivariate association between cataracts and AMD. Later, we used supervised machine-learning methods to replicate these findings without bias. To improve the interpretability, we detected the five most relevant features and displayed them using a bar graph and a rule-based tree. Our findings suggest that bilateral cataracts are not a significant risk factor for AMD development among Hispanics from Mexico.

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