Satellite observations of atmospheric SO2 from volcanic eruptions during the time-period of 1996–2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Khokhar ◽  
C. Frankenberg ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
S. Beirle ◽  
S. Kühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Time Period

scholarly journals Constructing Damage Indices Based on Publicly Available Spatial Data: Exemplified by Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Skoufias ◽  
Eric Strobl ◽  
Thomas Tveit
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
Damage Indicator ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Peak Ground Motion

AbstractThis article demonstrates the construction of earthquake and volcano damage indices using publicly available remote sensing sources and data on the physical characteristics of events. For earthquakes we use peak ground motion maps in conjunction with building type fragility curves to construct a local damage indicator. For volcanoes we employ volcanic ash data as a proxy for local damages. Both indices are then spatially aggregated by taking local economic exposure into account by assessing nightlight intensity derived from satellite images. We demonstrate the use of these indices with a case study of Indonesia, a country frequently exposed to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The results show that the indices capture the areas with the highest damage, and we provide overviews of the modeled aggregated damage for all provinces and districts in Indonesia for the time period 2004 to 2014. The indices were constructed using a combination of software programs—ArcGIS/Python, Matlab, and Stata. We also outline what potential freeware alternatives exist. Finally, for each index we highlight the assumptions and limitations that a potential practitioner needs to be aware of.

scholarly journals Further Improvements to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS)

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark DeMaria ◽  
Michelle Mainelli ◽  
Lynn K. Shay ◽  
John A. Knaff ◽  
John Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Satellite Altimetry ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Hurricane Intensity ◽  
East Pacific ◽  
Intensity Prediction ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Prediction Scheme

Abstract Modifications to the Atlantic and east Pacific versions of the operational Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) for each year from 1997 to 2003 are described. Major changes include the addition of a method to account for the storm decay over land in 2000, the extension of the forecasts from 3 to 5 days in 2001, and the use of an operational global model for the evaluation of the atmospheric predictors instead of a simple dry-adiabatic model beginning in 2001. A verification of the SHIPS operational intensity forecasts is presented. Results show that the 1997–2003 SHIPS forecasts had statistically significant skill (relative to climatology and persistence) out to 72 h in the Atlantic, and at 48 and 72 h in the east Pacific. The inclusion of the land effects reduced the intensity errors by up to 15% in the Atlantic, and up to 3% in the east Pacific, primarily for the shorter-range forecasts. The inclusion of land effects did not significantly degrade the forecasts at any time period. Results also showed that the 4–5-day forecasts that began in 2001 did not have skill in the Atlantic, but had some skill in the east Pacific. An experimental version of SHIPS that included satellite observations was tested during the 2002 and 2003 seasons. New predictors included brightness temperature information from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) channel 4 (10.7 μm) imagery, and oceanic heat content (OHC) estimates inferred from satellite altimetry observations. The OHC estimates were only available for the Atlantic basin. The GOES data significantly improved the east Pacific forecasts by up to 7% at 12–72 h. The combination of GOES and satellite altimetry improved the Atlantic forecasts by up to 3.5% through 72 h for those storms west of 50°W.

scholarly journals Retrieval of atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> vertical information from TCCON FTIR spectra

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minqiang Zhou ◽  
Bavo Langerock ◽  
Mahesh Kumar Sha ◽  
Nicolas Kumps ◽  
Christian Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Systematic Uncertainties ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Retrieval Software ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) column-averaged dry air mole fraction of CH4 (XCH4) measurements have been widely used to validate satellite observations and to estimate model simulations. The GGG2014 code is the standard TCCON retrieval software performing a profile scaling retrieval. In order to obtain several vertical information in addition to total column, in this study, the SFIT4 retrieval code is applied to retrieve CH4 mole fraction vertical profile using TCCON spectra (SFIT4TCCON) at six sites (Ny-Ålesund, Sodankylä, Bialystok, Bremen, Orléans and St Denis) during the time period of 2016−2017. The retrieval strategy of SFIT4TCCON is investigated. The degree of freedom for signal of the SFIT4TCCON retrieval is about 2.4, with two distinct species of information in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. The averaging kernel and error budget of the SFIT4TCCON retrieval are presented. The data accuracy and precision of the SFIT4TCCON retrievals, including the total column and two partial columns (in the troposphere and stratosphere), are estimated by TCCON standard retrievals, ground-based in situ measurements, ACE-FTS satellite observations, TCCON proxy data and AirCore measurements. By comparison against TCCON standard retrievals, it is found that the retrieval uncertainty of SFIT4TCCON XCH4 is similar to that of TCCON standard retrievals with the systematic uncertainty within 0.35 % and the random uncertainty about 0.5 %. The tropospheric and stratospheric XCH4 from SFIT4TCCON retrievals are assessed by comparing with AirCore measurements at Sodankylä, and there is a 1.2 % overestimation in the SFIT4TCCON tropospheric XCH4 and a 4.0 % underestimation in the SFIT4TCCON stratospheric XCH4, which are within the systematic uncertainties of SFIT4TCCON retrieved partial columns in the troposphere and stratosphere, respectively.

Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation of volcanic ash clouds from satellite observations: application to the 24 December 2018 Mt.Etna explosive eruption.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Pardini ◽  
Stefano Corradini ◽  
Antonio Costa ◽  
Lorenzo Guerrieri ◽  
Tomaso Esposti Ongaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Kalman Filters ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Explosive Eruption ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Mt Etna

&lt;p&gt;Explosive volcanic eruptions release high amounts of ash into the atmosphere. Accurate tracking and forecasting of ash dispersal into the atmosphere and quantification of its uncertainty is of fundamental importance for volcanic hazard mitigation. Numerical models represent a powerful tool to monitor ash clouds in real-time, but limits and uncertainties affect numerical results. A way to improve numerical forecasts is by assimilating satellite observations of ash clouds through Data Assimilation algorithms, such as Ensemble-based Kalman Filters. In this study, we present the implementation of the so-called Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filters inside a numerical procedure which simulates the release and transport of volcanic ash during explosive eruptions. The numerical procedure consists of the eruptive column model PLUME-MoM coupled with the tephra transport and dispersal model HYSPLIT. When satellite observations are available, ash maps supplied by PLUME-MoM/HYSPLIT are sequentially corrected/modified using ash column loading as retrieved from space. The new volcanic ash state represents the optimal solution with minimized uncertainties with respect to numerical estimates and observations. To test the Data Assimilation procedure, we used satellite observations of the volcanic cloud released during the explosive eruption that occurred at Mt. Etna (Italy) on 24 December 2018. Satellite observations have been carried out by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) instrument, on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite. Results show that the assimilation procedure significantly improves the current ash state and the forecast. In addition, numerical tests show that the use of sequential Kalman Filters does not require a precise initialization of the numerical model, being able to improve the forecasts as the assimilation cycles are performed.&lt;/p&gt;

A case study of sulphur dioxide identification in three different volcanic eruptions, using Infrared satellite observations (IASI)

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Athanassiadou ◽  
Peter N. Francis ◽  
Roger W. Saunders ◽  
Nigel C. Atkinson ◽  
Matthew C. Hort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Satellite Observations

Recent evolution of stratospheric aerosol load from ground-based lidars and satellites: impact of volcanic eruptions and wildfires.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Khaykin ◽  
Sophie Godin-Beekmann ◽  
Ghassan Taha ◽  
Artem Feofilov ◽  
Adam Bourassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Stratospheric Circulation ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Global Mean

&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; During the last 2 years (2018-2019) a series of volcanic eruptions led to remarkable enhancements in stratospheric aerosol load. These are eruptions of &lt;strong&gt;Ambae&lt;/strong&gt; (July 2018, Vanuatu), &lt;strong&gt;Raikoke&lt;/strong&gt; (June 2019, Russia) and &lt;strong&gt;Ulawun&lt;/strong&gt; (July 2019, Papua New Guinea). In this study we examine the evolution of the stratospheric aerosol bulk optical properties following these events in consideration of large-scale stratospheric circulation. We use long-term aerosol records by &lt;strong&gt;ground-based lidars&lt;/strong&gt; in both hemispheres together with global observations by various satellite missions (&lt;strong&gt;OMPS-LP, SAGE III, OSIRIS, CALIOP&lt;/strong&gt;) and discuss the consistency between these datasets. &amp;#160;In addition, we evaluate the preliminary lower stratosphere aerosol product by ESA &lt;strong&gt;Aeolus&lt;/strong&gt; mission through intercomparison with ground-based lidars.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;The 28-yr Observatoire de Haute Provence (&lt;strong&gt;OHP) lidar record&lt;/strong&gt; shows that&lt;strong&gt; Raikoke eruption has led to the strongest enhancement of stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) in the northern extratropics since Pinatubo eruption&lt;/strong&gt;. Satellite observations suggest that the stratospheric plume of Raikoke has dispersed throughout the entire Northern hemisphere and ascended up to 27 km altitude. The eruption of Ulawun in the tropics has further boosted the stratospheric aerosol load and by Fall 2019, the &lt;strong&gt;global mean SAOD was a factor of 2.5 higher than its background level&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; At the turn of the year 2020, while both Raikoke and Ulawun aerosols were still present in the stratosphere, a dramatic bushfire event accompanied by vigorous fire-induced thunderstorms (PyroCb) in eastern Australia caused a massive injection of smoke into the stratosphere. The early detections of stratospheric smoke by OMPS-LP suggest that the zonal-mean SAOD perturbation caused by this event&lt;strong&gt; exceeds the previous record-breaking PyroCb-related perturbation&lt;/strong&gt; after the British Columbia fires in August 2017. We use satellite observations of aerosol and trace gases (H2O, CO) to characterize the stratospheric impact of the wildfires and contrast it with that of volcanic eruptions.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Stratospheric SO<sub>2</sub> and sulphate aerosol, model simulations and satellite observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 11395-11425 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brühl ◽  
J. Lelieveld ◽  
M. Höpfner ◽  
H. Tost
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol

Abstract. A multiyear study with the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC with the aerosol module GMXe at high altitude resolution demonstrates that the sulfur gases COS and SO2, the latter from low-latitude volcanic eruptions, predominantly control the formation of stratospheric aerosol. The model consistently uses the same parameters in the troposphere and stratosphere for 7 aerosol modes applied. Lower boundary conditions for COS and other long-lived trace gases are taken from measurement networks, while estimates of volcanic SO2 emissions are based on satellite observations. We show comparisons with satellite data for aerosol extinction (e.g. SAGE) and SO2 in the middle atmosphere (MIPAS on ENVISAT). This corroborates the interannual variability induced by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, which is internally generated by the model. The model also realistically simulates the radiative effects of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosol including the effects on the model dynamics. The medium strength volcanic eruptions of 2005 and 2006 exerted a nonnegligible radiative forcing of up to −0.6 W m−2 in the tropics, while the large Pinatubo eruption caused a maximum though short term tropical forcing of about −10 W m−2. The study also shows that observed upper stratospheric SO2 can be simulated accurately only when a sulphur sink on meteoritic dust is included and the photolysis of gaseous H2SO4 in the near infrared is higher than assumed previously.

Improved estimation of volcanic SO2 emissions from satellite observations and Lagrangian transport simulations: The 2019 Raikoke eruption case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyin Cai ◽  
Sabine Grießbach ◽  
Lars Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Lagrangian Transport ◽  
Trajectory Approach ◽  
Volcanic Aerosols

&lt;p&gt;Monitoring and modeling of volcanic aerosols is important for understanding the influence of volcanic activity on climate. Here, we applied the Lagrangian transport model Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) to estimate the total injected SO2 by the stratosphere reaching eruption of the Raikoke volcano (48N, 153E) in June 2019 and its subsequent transport. We used SO2 observations from the AIRS and TROPOMI satellite instruments together with a backward trajectory approach to estimate the altitude-resolved SO2 emission timeseries. Then we applied a scaling factor to the initial estimate of the SO2 mass and added an exponential decay to simulate the time evolution of the total SO2 mass. By comparing the estimated SO2 mass and the observed mass from TROPOMI, we show that the volcano injected 2.1&amp;#177;0.2 Tg SO2 and the e-folding lifetime of the SO2 was about 13~17 days. Further, we compared simulations that were initialized by AIRS and TROPOMI satellite observations with a constant SO2 emission rate. The results show that the model captures the SO2 distributions in the first ~10 days after the eruption. The simulations using AIRS nighttime and TROPOMI measurements show comparable results and model skills which outperform the simulation using a constant emission rate. Our study demonstrates the potential of using combined satellite observations and transport simulations to further improve SO2 time- and height-resolved emission estimates of volcanic eruptions.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 837-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Worden ◽  
M. N. Deeter ◽  
C. Frankenberg ◽  
M. George ◽  
F. Nichitiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are controlled by anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, transport and oxidation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Quantifying trends in CO is therefore important for understanding changes related to all of these contributions. Here we present a comprehensive record of satellite observations from 2000 through 2011 of total column CO using the available measurements from nadir-viewing thermal infrared instruments: MOPITT, AIRS, TES and IASI. We examine trends for CO in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along with regional trends for Eastern China, Eastern USA, Europe and India. We find that all the satellite observations are consistent with a modest decreasing trend ~ −1 % yr−1 in total column CO over the Northern Hemisphere for this time period and a less significant, but still decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere. Although decreasing trends in the United States and Europe have been observed from surface CO measurements, we also find a decrease in CO over E. China that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Some of the interannual variability in the observations can be explained by global fire emissions, but the overall decrease needs further study to understand the implications for changes in anthropogenic emissions.

Diagnosis of Radiosonde Vertical Temperature Trend Profiles: Comparing the Influence of Data Homogenization versus Model Forcings

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5356-5364 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Lanzante
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Human Influence ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Versus Model ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Climate Forcings

Abstract Measurements from radiosonde temperatures have been used in studies that seek to identify the human influence on climate. However, such measurements are known to be contaminated by artificial inhomogeneities introduced by changes in instruments and recording practices that have occurred over time. Some simple diagnostics are used to compare vertical profiles of temperature trends from the observed data with simulations from a GCM driven by several different sets of forcings. Unlike most earlier studies of this type, both raw (i.e., fully contaminated) as well as adjusted observations (i.e., treated to remove some of the contamination) are utilized. The comparisons demonstrate that the effect of observational data adjustment can be as important as the inclusion of some major climate forcings in the model simulations. The effects of major volcanic eruptions critically influence temperature trends, even over a time period nearly four decades in length. In addition, it is seen that the adjusted data show consistently better agreement than the unadjusted data, with simulations from a climate model for 1959–97. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the adjustments supply missing warming in the tropical upper troposphere that has been attributed to model error in a number of earlier studies. Finally, an evaluation of the fidelity of the model’s temperature response to major volcanic eruptions is conducted. Although the major conclusions of this study are unaffected by shortcomings of the simulations, they highlight the fact that even using a fairly long period of record (∼40 yr), any such shortcomings can have an important impact on trends and trend comparisons.

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