Effects of solar radiation, terrestrial radiation and lunar interior heat flow on surface temperature at the nearside of the Moon: Based on numerical calculation and data analysis

The Dead Sea is a terminal hypersaline lake with a depth of ~300 m, at a unique location approximately 430 m below sea level. Because of very high salinity of ~300 g/kg of Dead Sea water, the non-linear absorption of solar radiation is of an order of magnitude greater than that in fresh-water lakes. Consequently, by contrast to surface water temperature in fresh-water lakes, Dead Sea surface temperature is influenced by wind speed and water mixing. In the absence of vertical water mixing under weak winds, solar radiation in the summer months leads to significant warming of Dead Sea surface water. Under such conditions, daytime sea surface temperature (SST) could reach land surface temperature (LST) over land areas adjacent to the lake. This could lead to an essential reduction of surface heat flow from land to sea and, consequently, significant surface heating of land areas adjacent to the lake.Pronounced asymmetry has been obtained in daytime surface temperature between the east and west sides of the Dead Sea. This asymmetry was observed in the summer months, under uniform solar radiation. Our findings are based on MODIS data (2002&#8211;2016) on board the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS data showed that, on average for the 15-year study period, daytime SST over the eastern part of the lake exceeded that over the western part by 5 &#176;C. This SST asymmetry (observed in the absence of surface heat flow from land to sea at the eastern side) was accompanied by the asymmetry in LST over areas adjacent to the Dead Sea. Specifically, LST over areas adjacent to the east side exceeded that over areas adjacent to the west side by 10 &#176;C. Such LST difference is the characteristic feature of the hypersaline Dead Sea. In addition to MODIS records (on board the two orbital satellites - Terra and Aqua), Meteosat Second Generation records (on board the geostationary satellites) proved the presence of daytime SST/LST asymmetry.Regional atmospheric warming led to a decrease in the SST asymmetry during the study period. Temperature difference between daytime SST over the east part and that over the west of the Dead Sea steadily decreased at the rate of 0.32 &#176;C decade-1, based on MODIS/Terra data, and 0.54 &#176;C decade-1, based on MODIS/Aqua data.We found that the Weather Forecast and Research (WRF) model distribution of skin temperature over land and sea does not correspond to satellite observations. At midday, over the sea, WRF was incapable of reproducing the observed SST asymmetry. Over land areas adjacent to both the west and east sides of the lake, WRF incorrectly showed that modeled skin temperature increases with its approach to the coastline. The application to modeling of the observed SST/LST asymmetry in existing regional models will improve simulations of atmospheric dynamics over the Dead Sea.&#160;Reference: &#160;Kishcha P., Starobinets B., Pinker R., Kunin P., Alpert P. (2020). Spatial non-uniformity of surface temperature of the Dead Sea and adjacent land areas. Remote Sensing, Special Issue: Lake Remote Sensing, 12(1), 107; doi:10.3390/rs12010107.

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Impact of solar radiation and environmental temperature on Art Nouveau glass windows

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-019-0325-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Teresa Palomar ◽

Miguel Silva ◽

Marcia Vilarigues ◽

Isabel Pombo Cardoso ◽

David Giovannacci

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Summer Solstice ◽

Art Nouveau ◽

Ir Thermography ◽

Hot Air ◽

Near Ir ◽

Air Pocket

Abstract This work presents the results of the evaluation of two Art Nouveau glass windows from the Casa-Museu Dr. Anastácio Gonçalves (Lisbon, Portugal) with IR-thermography during the summer solstice. According to the measurements, the surface temperature of glass depended on the outdoor environmental temperature and, mainly, on the direct solar radiation. Colored glasses presented a higher surface temperature due to the absorption of their chromophores at near-IR wavelengths. Enamels and grisailles showed higher surface temperatures than their support glasses due to both their chemical composition and color. The protective glazing, with small slits in one of the window panels, induced a hot-air pocket in its upper part due to the insufficient ventilation.

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The Effects of Roadside Woody Vegetation on the Surface Temperature of Cycle Paths

Land ◽

10.3390/land10050483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 483

Author(s):

Nikola Žižlavská ◽

Tomáš Mikita ◽

Zdeněk Patočka

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Well Being ◽

Road Surface ◽

Woody Vegetation ◽

Surface Model ◽

Main Hypothesis ◽

Roadside Vegetation ◽

Different Types ◽

Aerial Vehicle

The article is on the effects of woody vegetation growing on the roadside on the temperature of the surface of cycle paths. The main hypothesis of the study is that vegetation has the effect of lowering the temperature of the surroundings in its shadow and thus improves the comfort of users of cycle paths in the summer months. The second hypothesis is to find out which type of road surface is most suitable for the thermal well-being of users. This goal was achieved by measuring the temperature of selected locations on cycle paths with different types of construction surfaces with nearby woody vegetation using a contactless thermometer over several days at regular intervals. The positions of the selected locations were measured using GNSS and the whole locality of interest was photographed using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or drone, and subsequently a digital surface model (DSM) of the area was created using a Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm. This model served for the calculation of incident solar radiation during the selected days using the Solar Area Graphics tool with ArcGIS software. Subsequently, the effect of the shade of the surrounding vegetation on the temperature during the day was analysed and statistically evaluated. The results are presented in many graphs and their interpretation used to evaluate the effects of nearby woody vegetation and the type of road surface on the surrounding air temperature and the comfort of users of these routes. The results demonstrate the benefits of using UAVs for the purpose of modelling the course of solar radiation during the day, showing the effect of roadside vegetation on reducing the surface temperature of the earth’s surface and thus confirming the need for planting and maintaining such vegetation.

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Ultraviolet Albedo of Comet West (1976 VI)

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s007418090006681x ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

pp. 263-266

Author(s):

P. D. Feldman

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Solar Spectrum ◽

Ultraviolet Spectrum ◽

The Moon ◽

Lunar Dust ◽

Cometary Dust ◽

A Value ◽

Dust Coma ◽

Spectrometer Slit ◽

The Continuum

The ultraviolet spectrum of Comet West (1976 VI) in the range 1200-3200 Å was recorded by rocket-borne instruments on March 5.5, 1976. At the time of launch, r = 0.385, Δ = 0.84 and the phase angle was 78°. Longward of 2100 Å the continuum of solar radiation scattered by cometary dust is detected and is found to closely follow the solar spectrum. Since the dust coma is completely included in the spectrometer slit, the ultraviolet albedo can be determined relative to the visible and this ratio is found to be ≈0.3 at 2700 Å. There is evidence for a further decrease in albedo near 2200 Å. Using a visible albedo of 0.2 gives a value of 0.06 for the cometary albedo at 2700 Å, a value similar to that found for the moon and lunar dust in this spectral region.

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Remotely distinguishing and mapping endogenic water on the Moon

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.2015.0391 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 375 (2094) ◽

pp. 20150391 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rachel L. Klima ◽

Noah E. Petro

Keyword(s):

Solar Wind ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Solar System ◽

The Moon ◽

Testing Hypotheses ◽

Origin And Evolution ◽

Lunar Interior ◽

Geological Features ◽

Insight Into

Water and/or hydroxyl detected remotely on the lunar surface originates from several sources: (i) comets and other exogenous debris; (ii) solar-wind implantation; (iii) the lunar interior. While each of these sources is interesting in its own right, distinguishing among them is critical for testing hypotheses for the origin and evolution of the Moon and our Solar System. Existing spacecraft observations are not of high enough spectral resolution to uniquely characterize the bonding energies of the hydroxyl molecules that have been detected. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution and associations of H, OH − or H 2 O with specific lunar lithologies provide some insight into the origin of lunar hydrous materials. The global distribution of OH − /H 2 O as detected using infrared spectroscopic measurements from orbit is here examined, with particular focus on regional geological features that exhibit OH − /H 2 O absorption band strengths that differ from their immediate surroundings. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The origin, history and role of water in the evolution of the inner Solar System’.

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Conduction of heat in a solid with periodic boundary conditions, with an application to the surface temperature of the moon

Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ◽

10.1017/s0305004100028450 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 355-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

J. C. Jaeger

Keyword(s):

Boundary Condition ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Circular Cylinder ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Numerical Method ◽

Periodic Boundary ◽

Periodic Boundary Conditions ◽

The Moon ◽

Non Linear

The object of this note is to indicate a numerical method for finding periodic solutions of a number of important problems in conduction of heat in which the boundary conditions are periodic in the time and may be linear or non-linear. One example is that of a circular cylinder which is heated by friction along the generators through a rotating arc of its circumference, the remainder of the surface being kept at constant temperature; here the boundary conditions are linear but mixed. Another example, which will be discussed in detail below, is that of the variation of the surface temperature of the moon during a lunation; in this case the boundary condition is non-linear. In all cases the thermal properties of the solid will be assumed to be independent of temperature. Only the semi-infinite solid will be considered here, though the method applies equally well to other cases.

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Solid state convection models of the lunar internal temperature

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.1977.0096 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 285 (1327) ◽

pp. 523-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Creep Behaviour ◽

The Moon ◽

Internal Temperature ◽

Thermal Models ◽

Lunar Interior

Thermal models of the Moon, which include cooling by subsolidus creep and consideration of the creep behaviour of geologic material, provide estimates of 1500- 1600 K for the temperature, and 10 21-1022 cm2/s for the viscosity of the deep lunar interior.

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Numerical Calculation of Periodical Two-Dimensional Heat Flow in Composite Building Walls

Thermal Conductivity 14 ◽

10.1007/978-1-4899-3751-3_67 ◽

1976 ◽

pp. 515-520

Author(s):

Paolo Bondi ◽

Michele Cali

Keyword(s):

Numerical Calculation ◽

Heat Flow ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Building Walls

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Mapping urban greenery to create the optimal cooling effect model against solar radiation under the conditions of a smart city

Abstracts of the ICA ◽

10.5194/ica-abs-1-326-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Vladimír Sedlák ◽

Katarína Onačillová ◽

Michal Gallay ◽

Jaroslav Hofierka ◽

Ján Kaňuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Urban Environment ◽

Land Surface Temperature ◽

Land Surface ◽

Smart City ◽

Research Study ◽

Cooling Effect ◽

Urban Greenery ◽

Sentinel 2

Abstract. Current climate changes on a global scale require an optimal estimate of heat transfer in a complex urban environment as a part of the requirements for optimal urban planning in the conditions of a smart city. Urban greenery has a considerable impact on the cooling of the urban environment during thermal waves. Sentinel-2 as an Earth observation mission developed by the European Space Agency as part of the Copernicus Programme to perform terrestrial observations in support of various services could become a potential means also for quantified assessment of different urban scenarios where vegetation plays an essential role. The Sentinel-2 data provide higher spatial and temporal resolution than other similar missions allow.The presented research study is aimed at exploiting the potential of Sentinel-2 in simulating the cooling effect of urban greenery as part of smart city mapping in assessing the quality of life of its inhabitants. The main objective of the research study is to define a methodical approach for spatial surface temperature modelling in selected urban areas based on the solar radiation modelling and parameterization of the land cover properties from the Sentinel-2 data. While solar irradiation can be accurately calculated at a fine scale using virtual 3D city models, it is difficult to find other important parameters for ground surface modelling such as surface thermal emissivity, broadband albedo and evapotranspiration. The research study was tested and verified in 4&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km urban area in the selected central parts of the city of Košice in Slovakia (Figure 1). For a detailed survey, four sites (site 1 &ndash; Moyzesova Street, site 2 &ndash; Historical centre, site 3 &ndash; City park, site 4 &ndash; Hvozdíkov park) were chosen in the central city area. The virtual 3D urban model was created from the airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, hereinafter referred to as the lidar) and photogrammetric data obtained in a single mission.The aim of the research study was to assess the feasibility of using virtual 3D city models and multispectral satellite images to approximate surface temperature dynamics by modelling of the spatial distribution of solar radiation and land surface characteristics in a complex urban environment. A time-series of the Sentinel-2 data was collected for comparison with the reference time series of the terrestrial lidar (TLS &ndash; Terrestrial Laser Scanning) data on urban greenery on four selected urban areas of the city of Košice. Between the vegetation metrics, the statistical linear relationship derived from the Sentinel-2 and TLS data was defined. Based on terrain mapping, a geobotanic database of urban trees was created. The algorithmic structure of a toolbox for the land surface temperature modelling in the open-source GRASS GIS was developed based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law and Kirchhoff rule.This research study has highlighted how the Sentinel-2 data can be used to estimate of the broad-band albedo, surface emission, and solar transmittance to the vegetation of urban greenery. The main benefit of the research study is the developed algorithm for estimation of the land surface temperature in a GIS environment that provides a unique platform for integrating different types of data-sets to become usable in urban planning and for exploitation of the Sentinel-2 data in mitigation of a negative impact of the urban extreme heat islands on the quality of life of inhabitants. The resulting LST (Land Surface Temperature) was calculated for four scenarios using the detail of the study area of the site 1 (Figure 2) and whole study are (Figure 3) demonstrate. These figures also show the cooling effect of urban trees and shrubs.

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