scholarly journals Odor, gaseous and PM10 emissions from small scale combustion of wood types indigenous to Central Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kistler ◽  
Christoph Schmidl ◽  
Emmanuel Padouvas ◽  
Heinrich Giebl ◽  
Johann Lohninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pm10 Emissions

scholarly journals 14C Dated Chronology of the Thickest and Best Resolved Loess/Paleosol Record of the LGM from SE Hungary Based on Comparing Precision and Accuracy of Age-Depth Models

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-417
Author(s):  
Pál Sümegi ◽  
Sándor Gulyás ◽  
Dávid Molnár ◽  
Gábor Szilágyi ◽  
Balázs P Sümegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sedimentation Rates ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Sedimentation Time

ABSTRACTThe Madaras profile found at the northernmost fringe of Bácska loess plateau is one of the thickest and best-developed last glacial loess sequences of Central Europe. The 10-m profile corresponds to a period between 29 and 12 b2k. To unravel feedback to small-scale centennial climatic fluctuations at our site, recorded in the Greenland ice and North Atlantic marine cores, construction of a reliable chronology is needed. Reliability is expressed in terms of best achievable chronological precision. Accuracy however is based on choosing the model best describing the sedimentological features of our profile. Five different age-depth models had constructed and compared relying on 15 14C dates using various statistical, probabilistic approaches to choose the model with the highest achievable precision. Accuracy was also evaluated using accumulation rates against stratigraphy. Models constructed using the computer program Bacon performed best in terms of achieving the best possible stratigraphic accuracy. Seven meters of the profile represents the period of the LGM. The average sedimentation time was 16.8 yr/cm with the highest confined to the period of the LGM. Calculated average sedimentation rates were 4 times higher than previously reported. The peak accumulation periods are dated to the nadir of the LGM.

Meteosat-Based Characterization of the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Warm Convective Cloud Fields over Central Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 2181-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bley ◽  
Hartwig Deneke ◽  
Fabian Senf
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Liquid Water Path ◽  
Spatiotemporal Evolution ◽  
Cloud Optical Depth ◽  
Water Path ◽  
Time Lagged

AbstractThe spatiotemporal evolution of warm convective cloud fields over central Europe is investigated on the basis of 30 cases using observations from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board the geostationary Meteosat platforms. Cloud fields are tracked in successive satellite images using cloud motion vectors. The time-lagged autocorrelation is calculated for spectral reflectance and cloud property fields using boxes of 16 × 16 pixels and adopting both Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives. The 0.6-μm reflectance, cloud optical depth, and water path show a similar characteristic Lagrangian decorrelation time of about 30 min. In contrast, significantly lower decorrelation times are observed for the cloud effective radius and droplet density. It is shown that the Eulerian decorrelation time can be decomposed into an advective component and a convective component using the spatial autocorrelation function. In an Eulerian frame cloud fields generally decorrelate faster than in a Lagrangian one. The Eulerian decorrelation time contains contributions from the spatial decorrelation of the cloud field advected by the horizontal wind. A typical spatial decorrelation length of 7 km is observed, which suggests that sampling of SEVIRI observations is better in the temporal domain than in the spatial domain when investigating small-scale convective clouds. An along-track time series of box-averaged cloud liquid water path is derived and compared with the time series that would be measured at a fixed location. Supported by previous results, it is argued that this makes it possible to discriminate between local changes such as condensation and evaporation on the one hand and advective changes on the other hand.

scholarly journals Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Precipitation over Central Europe in Different Weather Regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 4247-4264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Barthlott ◽  
Corinna Hoose
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aerosol Effect ◽  
Warm Rain ◽  
Synoptic Forcing ◽  
Warm Rain Process

Abstract The response of clouds to changes in the aerosol concentration is complex and may differ depending on the cloud type, the aerosol regime, and environmental conditions. In this study, a novel technique is used to systematically modify the environmental conditions in realistic convection-resolving simulations for cases with weak and strong large-scale forcing over central Europe with the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) model. Besides control runs with quasi-operational settings, initial and boundary temperature profiles are modified with linear increasing temperature increments from 0 to 5 K between 3 and 12 km AGL to represent different amounts of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity. The results show a systematic decrease of total precipitation with increasing cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations for the cases with strong synoptic forcing caused by a suppressed warm-rain process, whereas no systematic aerosol effect is simulated for weak synoptic forcing. The effect of increasing CCN tends to be stronger in the simulations with increased temperatures and lower CAPE. While the large-scale domain-averaged responses to increased CCN are weak, the precipitation forming over mountainous terrain reveals a stronger sensitivity for most of the analyzed cases. Our findings also demonstrate that the role of the warm-rain process is more important for strong than for weak synoptic forcing. The aerosol effect is largest for weakly forced conditions but more predictable for the strongly forced cases. However, more accurate environmental conditions are much more important than accurate aerosol assumptions, especially for weak large-scale forcing.

The dynamics of a mountain mixed forest under wind disturbances in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe — a dendroecological reconstruction

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2215-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zielonka ◽  
Piotr Malcher
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
Gap Phase ◽  
Reconstruction Period ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Windstorms are among the most severe disturbances that affect mountain forests in central Europe. This study was conducted in a windthrow area resulting from a windstorm of an enormous scale in November 2004 in the Slovakian High Tatras Mountains. In this study, we used dendrochronological methods to determine the age structure and growth pattern of 529 Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst) and 103 European larch ( Larix decidua Mill) during the last 200 years by examining cross sections of stumps. The multiage structure of the spruce indicated that this species regenerated constantly throughout the reconstruction period. The age structure of the larch was distinctly bimodal with only two ca. 20 year periods of regeneration. The initiation of larch recruitment overlapped in time with release pulses and showed severe disturbance events. A sudden and simultaneous production of compression wood and resin pockets in survivor trees indicated that wind was the most probable disturbance factor. The current composition of the stand with coexisting spruce and larch was a result of infrequent and severe windstorms events. Larch benefits from broader openings and regenerates in recruitment pulses once or twice per century, whereas spruce may regenerate constantly taking advantage of small-scale, gap-phase processes. Such a disturbance scenario allows the light-demanding larch to coexist among the more shade-tolerant spruce.

scholarly journals When Individual Geosites Matter Less—Challenges to Communicate Landscape Evolution of a Complex Morphostructure (Orlické–Bystrzyckie Mountains Block, Czechia/Poland, Central Europe)

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Piotr Migoń ◽  
Milena Różycka
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Fluvial Incision ◽  
Differential Uplift ◽  
Geomorphological Evolution ◽  
Incomplete Picture

This paper explores problems associated with explanation of geoheritage at the landscape scale and argues that focus on individual geosites that show rock outcrops or small-scale landforms may not be sufficient to tell the story. The area of Orlické–Bystrzyckie Mountains Block in Central Europe lacks spectacular landforms or large rock outcrops, and yet has a most interesting geological history that involved Mesozoic planation, Cretaceous marine transgression and the origin of sedimentary cover, Cenozoic differential uplift and the origin of tectonic topography, resultant fluvial incision and Quaternary periglaciation. Individual geosites documented in the area fail to show this complexity and give an incomplete picture. Therefore, viewpoint geosites, allowing for in situ interpretation of regional landscapes, have a role to play and they collectively illustrate the effects of the main stages of geological and geomorphological evolution. In addition, the potential of simple visualization technologies is investigated, as these 3D visualizations may enhance ground views, putting things into even broader perspective.

scholarly journals LamaH | <i>La</i>rge-Sa<i>m</i>ple D<i>a</i>ta for <i>H</i>ydrology and Environmental Sciences for Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Klingler ◽  
Karsten Schulz ◽  
Mathew Herrnegger
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Headwater Basins

Abstract. Very large and comprehensive datasets are increasingly used in the field of hydrology. Large-sample studies provide insights into the hydrological cycle that might not be available with small-scale studies. LamaH (Large-Sample Data for Hydrology) is a new dataset for large-sample studies and comparative hydrology in Central Europe. It covers the entire upper Danube to the state border Austria/Slovakia, as well as all other Austrian catchments including their foreign upstream areas. LamaH covers an area of 170 000 km2 in 9 different countries, ranging from lowland regions characterized by a continental climate to high alpine zones dominated by snow and ice. Consequently, a wide diversity of properties is present in the individual catchments. We represent this variability in 859 observed catchments with over 60 catchment attributes, covering topography, climatology, hydrology, land cover, vegetation, soil and geological properties. LamaH further contains a collection of runoff time series as well as meteorological time series. These time series are provided with daily and also hourly resolution. All meteorological and the majority of runoff time series cover a span of over 35 years, which enables long-term analyses, also with a high temporal resolution. The runoff time series are classified by over 20 different attributes including information about human impacts and indicators for data quality and completeness. The structure of LamaH is based on the well-known CAMELS datasets. In contrast, however, LamaH does not only consider headwater basins. Intermediate catchments are also covered, allowing, for the first time within a hydrological large sample dataset, to consider the hydrological network and river topology in applications. We discuss not only the data basis and the methodology of data preparation, but also focus on possible limitations and uncertainties. Potential applications of LamaH are also outlined, since it is intended to serve as a uniform basis for further research. LamaH is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4525244 (Klingler et al., 2021).

scholarly journals 'Italian Opera' in 'Central Europe', 1600–1780: Research Trends and the Geographic Imagination

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Reinhard Strohm
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Geographical Space

This brief survey of literature, provided with a bibliography, proposes to critically inform about research carried out over the last 30 years, and to identify research trends regarding subject definition, methodology and epistemology of the apparent duality, 'Italian Opera' and 'Central Europe'. A main question is how researchers have imagined their subject as a geographical space, and what their changing priorities had to do with developing regional concepts in music history. It is shown how, in the 1960s and 70s, the reception of Italian Opera in Europe was conceptualised as a national and European, not a regional question; how specialisation on mechanisms of production and consumption in the 1980s instigated more socially-oriented research, and how in this context both a nationalist and a universalist direction were being undermined. A renewed focus in the 1990s on small-scale production units such as individual cities, opera companies and travelling indivduals enabled researchers to recategorise Italian opera as a regional and diverse phenomenon. The contribution of such projects as the Storia dell'Opera Italiana (ed. Bianconi), the various Hofkultur researches in Germany, and the ESF programme Music in Europe, 1600-1900, with its study group on Italian Opera in Central Europe (Dubowy et al.) have now become influential. International collaboration also beyond 'central' Europe has seemed the most appropriate means of achieving good research results. Central Europe was, at least in opera, typified by its interest for the music of 'non-central' Italy. The concept of Central Europe in music (as in other matters) is a concept without borders.

Sugar content in the sap of birches, hornbeams and maples in southeastern Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Łuczaj ◽  
Maciej Bilek ◽  
Kinga Stawarczyk
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Tree Sap

AbstractThere is very little data on the sugar content of tree sap in Central Europe. In order to fill this gap we measured sugar content in the spring sap of 55 trees from 8 species (six native and two introduced). Sugar content was measured chromatographically using an HPLC Dionex Ultimate 3000 system and CAD detection. The proportion of sugar was highly genus-specific: maples contained sucrose, birches a mix of glucose, fructose and sucrose and hornbeams glucose and fructose. Acer saccharinum had the sweetest sap (4.0%), followed by A. platanoides (3.2%), A. pseudoplatanus (3.2%), A. negundo (2.9%) and A. campestre (2.8%). Birches were slightly less sweet (Betula pendula 2.5% and B. pubescens 2.6%). Carpinus betulus sap contained only 0.9% sugar. The reported values for birches are higher than those reported in other European studies and the values for maples are similar to those for sugar maples in North America. As southeastern Poland has many large populations of maples and birches, a small-scale sugar syrup industry could become an additional source of income for forest owners.

The INQUA Loess Commission as a Central European Enterprise

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Smalley ◽  
Slobodan Markovic ◽  
Ken O’Hara-Dhand
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
International Union ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Quaternary Period ◽  
Central European ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Groups

AbstractThe International Union of Quaternary Research (INQUA) organized the study and consideration of the Quaternary Period (the last 2.6 million years in Earth’s history) via a set of commissions, sub-commissions, working groups, projects and programmes. One of the most successful and best records was the Loess Commission (LC) which functioned assub-commission and then commission from 1961 to 2003, resulting in 40 years of useful activity. The history of the LC can be divided into three phases: 1, from 1961–1977 when the President was Julius Fink; 2, from 1977–1991, with President Marton Pecsi; 3, from 1991–2003 with Presidents An Zhi-Sheng and Ian Smalley.Fink, from Vienna, and Pecsi, from Budapest, gave the LC a distinctly Central European aspect. The nature of loess in Central Europe influenced the nature of the LC but the settings for phases 1 and 2 were quite distinct. Phase 1 was a small scale academic operation, carried out in German. As phase 2 began in 1977 the scope expanded and Central Europe became a base for worldwide loess studies. where the LC language changed to English. Phase 2 was run from a National Geographical Institute and demonstrated a different approach to loess research, although the basic programmes of continent-wide mapping and stratigraphy remained the same. The Commission benefited from this change of style and emphasis. In phase 3 the administration moved away from Central Europe but the Finkian ethos remained solid.

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