Changes of cloud water chemical composition in the Western Sudety Mountains, Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Błaś ◽  
Mieczysław Sobik ◽  
Ryszard Twarowski
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Sudety Mountains

Sea spray influences water chemical composition of Mediterranean semi-natural springs

CATENA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 414-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fernández-Martínez ◽  
O. Margalef ◽  
F. Sayol ◽  
D. Asensio ◽  
G. Bagaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Natural Springs

scholarly journals A Forty-Year Karstic Critical Zone Survey (Baget Catchment, Pyrenees-France): Lithologic and Hydroclimatic Controls on Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations of Stream Water Chemical Composition, pCO2, and Carbonate Equilibrium

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
Francesco Ulloa-Cedamanos ◽  
Jean-Luc Probst ◽  
Stephane Binet ◽  
Thierry Camboulive ◽  
Virginie Payre-Suc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcite Saturation ◽  
Karst Catchment

The long-term trends and seasonal patterns of stream water chemical composition in a small remote forested karst catchment, were investigated from 1978 to 2018. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonates, the dominant ions, increased over the period together with temperature, while sulfates decreased. Carbonate and sulfate mineral dissolution was the main source of these elements. These trends and the seasonal opposite patterns of discharge vs. temperature, calcite saturation index vs. pCO2 and bicarbonate vs. sulfates, suggested the influence of discharge, of reduced long-range atmospheric pollution, and of increasing air temperature on biological activity and carbonate dissolution. Furthermore, the hydrological regime controlled the seasonal stream water chemical composition and fluxes by: (i) a dilution during the high discharge period, (ii) a change in the contribution rate of the waters draining different lithological areas in the catchment, e.g., the increased sulfates to bicarbonates ratio during summer low flows, with a maximum alkalinity decrease of 24%, and (iii) a “piston” and a “flushing” effects of dissolved elements stored in soils and epikarst with the first autumn heavy rains. Long-term stream water hydrochemical surveys of karst system have proved to be powerful indicators of biogeochemical processes, water sources and pathways under variable natural and anthropogenic environmental pressure conditions.

A climatology of cloud chemistry for the eastern United States derived from the mountain cloud chemistry project

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker A. Mohnen ◽  
Richard J. Vong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Cloud Chemistry ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Air Mass Trajectories

The chemical composition of clouds collected in the eastern United States has been intensely monitored over a 4-year period as part of the Mountain Cloud Chemistry Project. On the basis of these measurements we prepared a climatology for cloud chemistry, using simple statistical analyses tools and incorporating meteorological and cloud physical and chemical information. Five mountain stations have been established for cloud collection covering the northern and southern Appalachian Mountain range: Whiteface Mountain, New York; Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire; Shenandoah Mountain, Virginia; Whitetop Mountain, Virginia; and Mount Mitchell, North Carolina. This review presents the major result from this 4-year measurement program. Cloud cover and cloud base over the eastern United States were deduced from the global real-time nephanalysis archives produced by the U.S. Air Force, augmented by local observations. Both active and passive cloud collectors were deployed to sample cloud water on an hourly basis, i.e., with sufficient time resolution to resolve synoptic scale phenomena. Chemical analysis of cloud water was performed by a central analytical laboratory with occasional on-site analysis to satisfy quality control procedures. Reliable methods now exist for collecting cloud-water samples in sufficient quantities for detailed chemical analysis. The chemical composition of cloud water varied significantly between sites. However, the differences in cloud-water ion concentration do not necessarily establish a geographic gradient between the sites but rather reflect differences in air-mass trajectories associated with the synoptic air-flow pattern and differences in sample location above cloud base. The dependence of cloud-water ion concentrations on synoptic weather type and observed differences in relative frequencies of warm sector, marine flow, and post-cold frontal synoptic types between northern and southern sites suggest that the north–south differences in cloud-water ion concentrations are related to cloud climatology at the northern sites. When air-mass trajectories shift from southwest to northwest, the concentrations of H+, SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ normally decrease but the southern sites continue to receive high concentrations under northwest flow. The height of cloud-water sample collection above cloud base was found to be an additional source of variability in both cloud-water chemistry and liquid-water content. Seasonal variation in cloud-water chemical composition was investigated at one site only. Sulfate levels were found to be significantly lower in supercooled clouds (i.e., during the 'cold' season) than in 'warm' clouds, but nitrate levels remained about the same.Key words: cloud chemistry, cloud frequency, air-mass trajectories, ANOVA.

scholarly journals Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marinoni ◽  
P. Laj ◽  
K. Sellegri ◽  
G. Mailhot
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Solute Content ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Total Solute Content

Abstract. The chemical composition of cloud water was investigated during the winter-spring months of 2001 and 2002 at the Puy de Dôme station (1465 m above sea level, 45°46′22′′ N, 2°57′43′′ E) in an effort to characterize clouds in the continental free troposphere. Cloud droplets were sampled with single-stage cloud collectors (cut-off diameter approximately 7 µm) and analyzed for inorganic and organic ions, as well as total dissolved organic carbon. Results show a very large variability in chemical composition and total solute concentration of cloud droplets, ranging from a few mg l-1 to more than 150 mg l-1. Samplings can be classified in three different categories with respect to their total ionic content and relative chemical composition: background continental (BG, total solute content lower than 18 mg l-1), anthropogenic continental (ANT, total solute content from 18 to 50 mg l-1), and special events (SpE, total solute content higher than 50 mg l-1). The relative chemical composition shows an increase in anthropogenic-derived species (NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) from BG to SpE, and a decrease in dissolved organic compounds (ionic and non-ionic) that are associated with the anthropogenic character of air masses. We observed a high contribution of solute in cloud water derived from the dissolution of gas phase species in all cloud events. This was evident from large solute fractions of nitrate, ammonium and mono-carboxylic acids in cloud water, relative to their abundance in the aerosol phase. The comparison between droplet and aerosol composition clearly shows the limited ability of organic aerosols to act as cloud condensation nuclei. The strong contribution of gas-phase species limits the establishment of direct relationships between cloud water solute concentration and LWC that are expected from nucleation scavenging.

scholarly journals Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 849-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marinoni ◽  
P. Laj ◽  
K. Sellegri ◽  
G. Mailhot
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Solute Content ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Total Solute Content

Abstract. The chemical composition of cloud water was investigated during the winter-spring months of 2001 and 2002 at the Puy de Dôme station (1465 m above sea level, 45°46'22'' N, 2°57'43' E) in an effort to characterize clouds in the continental free troposphere. Cloud droplets were sampled with single-stage cloud collectors (cut-off diameter approximately 7 μm) and analyzed for inorganic and organic ions, as well as total dissolved organic carbon. Results show a very large variability in chemical composition and total solute concentration of cloud droplets, ranging from a few mg l−1 to more than 150 mg l−1. Samplings can be classified in three different categories with respect to their total ionic content and relative chemical composition: background continental (BG, total solute content lower than 18 mg l−1), anthropogenic continental (ANT, total solute content from 18 to 50 mg l−1), and special events (SpE, total solute content higher than 50 mg l−1). The relative chemical composition shows an increase in anthropogenic-derived species (NO3−, SO42− and NH4+) from BG to SpE, and a decrease in dissolved organic compounds (ionic and non-ionic) that are associated with the anthropogenic character of air masses. We observed a high contribution of solute in cloud water derived from the dissolution of gas phase species in all cloud events. This was evident from large solute fractions of nitrate, ammonium and mono-carboxylic acids in cloud water, relative to their abundance in the aerosol phase. The comparison between droplet and aerosol composition clearly shows the limited ability of organic aerosols to act as cloud condensation nuclei. The strong contribution of gas-phase species limits the establishment of direct relationships between cloud water solute concentration and LWC that are expected from nucleation scavenging.

scholarly journals On the relationship between cloud water composition and cloud droplet number concentration

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 7645-7665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B. MacDonald ◽  
Ali Hossein Mardi ◽  
Hossein Dadashazar ◽  
Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam ◽  
Ewan Crosbie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Cloud Height ◽  
Cloud Droplet Number Concentration ◽  
Total Sulfate

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions are the largest source of uncertainty in quantifying anthropogenic radiative forcing. The large uncertainty is, in part, due to the difficulty of predicting cloud microphysical parameters, such as the cloud droplet number concentration (Nd). Even though rigorous first-principle approaches exist to calculate Nd, the cloud and aerosol research community also relies on empirical approaches such as relating Nd to aerosol mass concentration. Here we analyze relationships between Nd and cloud water chemical composition, in addition to the effect of environmental factors on the degree of the relationships. Warm, marine, stratocumulus clouds off the California coast were sampled throughout four summer campaigns between 2011 and 2016. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected and analyzed for 80 chemical species. Single- and multispecies log–log linear regressions were performed to predict Nd using chemical composition. Single-species regressions reveal that the species that best predicts Nd is total sulfate (Radj2=0.40). Multispecies regressions reveal that adding more species does not necessarily produce a better model, as six or more species yield regressions that are statistically insignificant. A commonality among the multispecies regressions that produce the highest correlation with Nd was that most included sulfate (either total or non-sea-salt), an ocean emissions tracer (such as sodium), and an organic tracer (such as oxalate). Binning the data according to turbulence, smoke influence, and in-cloud height allowed for examination of the effect of these environmental factors on the composition–Nd correlation. Accounting for turbulence, quantified as the standard deviation of vertical wind speed, showed that the correlation between Nd with both total sulfate and sodium increased at higher turbulence conditions, consistent with turbulence promoting the mixing between ocean surface and cloud base. Considering the influence of smoke significantly improved the correlation with Nd for two biomass burning tracer species in the study region, specifically oxalate and iron. When binning by in-cloud height, non-sea-salt sulfate and sodium correlated best with Nd at cloud top, whereas iron and oxalate correlated best with Nd at cloud base.

scholarly journals Statistical Treatment of Many-year Data on the Cherek-Bezengiyskiy River Water Chemical Composition

2015 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
River Water ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Statistical indicators of many-year observations of the Cherek-Bezengiyskiy River water chemical composition within the boundaries of Kabardin-Balkar State High-mountain Natural Reserve have been presented. The research results can be used for formation of the summarized systematic information needed for development of regional or basin water quality indicators.

scholarly journals Rainfall Distribution and the Possibility for Healthy and Fresh Drinking Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Alif Noor Anna
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Coast Region

The information of rain water quality in Indonesia is rarely recorded, where as it is important for the region in which the source of fresh water is unavailable. Rain water composition is mostly ascertained by water vapour and ions which are available in the atmosphere during vapouration. In fact the rain water composition of coast region is sea water like and rain water chemical composition of urban are then become HNO3 and HSO4, while rain water of active vulcanic region eventuality has a high sulphur-wombed so that its quality sulphuric-acid. For the region in which the source of fresh water is unavailable the rain water is previously sterilized. Sterilization is consecutively done by adding salts, killing all bacteria, spores, and filltering.

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