Large shrubs partly compensate negative effects of grazing on hydrological function in a semi-arid savanna

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnim Marquart ◽  
David J. Eldridge ◽  
Samantha K. Travers ◽  
James Val ◽  
Niels Blaum
Keyword(s):  
Negative Effects ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Biological Fertilization as an Attenuation of Salinity Water on Beetroot (Beta vulgaris)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Ednardo Gabriel De Sousa ◽  
Toshik Iarley Da Silva ◽  
Thiago Jardelino Dias ◽  
Danrley Varela Ribeiro ◽  
Álvaro Carlos Gonçalves Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Morphological Behavior ◽  
Biological Fertilizer ◽  
Semi Arid

Salinity is one of the major obstacles of modern agriculture, especially in the semi-arid regions, since these have high rates of evaporation and water sources with high salt terrors. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the attenuating effects of bovine biofertilizer and biological fertilizer under irrigation with saline waters on the morphological behavior of beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.). The design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 4 × 2 + 1, referring to the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw: 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 dS m-1) and application of bovine biofertilizer in the absence (BIO I), and presence of Microgeo® (BIO II) and a control (without fertilization and ECw 0.5 dS m-1). No effects of the factors evaluated on the gas exchange of beetroots were observed. However, the increase of ECw has negative effects on phytomass and growth of this crop, as the application of bio fertilizer favors some soil chemical characteristics.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Quality of Certified and Uncertified Honeys from the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-esp.) ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
Wedson de Lima Tôrres ◽  
João Claudio Vilvert ◽  
Airton Torres de Carvalho ◽  
Ricardo Henrique de Lima Leite ◽  
Camila Maia da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Free Acidity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Physicochemical Quality ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

O Brasil se destaca como um dos principais produtores mundiais de mel. A legislação brasileira estabelece parâmetros de qualidade e análises físico-químicas para avaliar e controlar a qualidade do mel comercializado. Essas análises também são importantes para detectar adulterações que podem causar diversos efeitos negativos aos consumidores. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a qualidade físico-química de amostras de mel certificadas e não-certificadas produzidas em diferentes cidades da região semiárida brasileira. Vinte e quatro amostras de mel da região semiárida do Brasil foram coletadas e analisadas: quatro de mel certificadas com garantia de genuinidade e origem conhecida e vinte de mel não-certificadas. As seguintes análises foram realizadas em duplicata: umidade, atividade da água, açúcares redutores, sacarose, matéria insolúvel, cinzas, acidez livre, pH e hidroximetilfurfural (HMF). O conteúdo de sacarose foi mais alto nas amostras não-certificadas (p≤0.05), enquanto que as amostras certificadas apresentaram maior acidez livre (p≤0.05). Todas as amostras de mel atenderam aos padrões de umidade, açúcares redutores e cinzas. Sacarose e HMF estavam dentro dos padrões apenas nas amostras certificadas. Algumas amostras de mel de ambos os grupos não atenderam aos padrões de matéria insolúvel e acidez livre. É possível produzir mel em escala comercial nas regiões rurais do semiárido brasileiro, desde que alguns cuidados sejam tomados, especialmente em relação ao tempo prolongado de armazenamento, para que as amostras atendam aos padrões de qualidade.   Palavras-chave: Apis melífera. Brasil. Certificação. Mel. Clima Semiárido   Abstract Brazil stands out as one the world’s largest producers of honey. The Brazilian legislation establish quality standards and physicochemical analyses to evaluate and control the quality of honey sold. These analyses are also important to detect adulterations that can cause several negative effects to consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare physicochemical quality of certified and uncertified honey samples produced in different cities of the Brazilian semi-arid region. Twenty-four honey samples from semi-arid region of Brazil were collected and analysed: four from certified honey with a guarantee of genuineness and known history and twenty from uncertified honey. The following analysis were performed in duplicate: moisture, water activity, reducing sugars, sucrose, insoluble matter, ash, free acidity, pH and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Sucrose content was higher on uncertified samples (p≤0.05), while certified samples had higher free acidity (p≤0.05). All honey samples fit the standards for moisture, reducing sugars and ash. Sucrose and HMF were within the standards only in certified samples. Some honey samples of both groups do not fit the standards for insoluble matter and free acidity. It is possible to produce honey on a commercial scale in rural regions of the Brazilian semi-arid, provided that some precautions are taken, especially in relation to the prolonged storage time, so that the samples meet the quality standards.   Keywords: Apis mellifera. Brazil. Certification. Honey. Semi-Arid Climate

scholarly journals Plant Responses to Salt Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Yildiz ◽  
İrem Poyraz ◽  
Aslinur Çavdar ◽  
Yasin Özgen ◽  
Ramazan Beyaz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Salt stress is one of the harmful abiotic stress factors. It makes agricultural lands especially in arid and semi-arid regions useless despite the efforts. More than six percent of total world agricultural lands are on the edge of vanishing due to salt stress. Salinity in soil occurs as a result of the factors such as lack of drainage, improper irrigation, excessive accumulation of soluble salts. Salinity limits the growth of plants. Despite the main results, some results of plants due to these limitations vary from species to species. The negative effects get morphological, biochemical and physiological reactions from plants. Slowed or stopped growth of roots and shoots, closuring of stomata, germination slowing, decreased or stopped development of seedling, deterioration of photosynthetic activity are the main reactions of plants to stress. On the other hand, plants also develop tolerance mechanisms as a result of some auxiliaries for surviving under adverse conditions. Plants have tendency to protect themselves from salinity with osmotic protectants synthesized by them such as sugars, proline, amino acids, glycine betaine. In this review, the responses of plants to salt stress were investigated and gathered.

scholarly journals The composition, richness, and evenness of seedlings from the soil seed bank of a semi-arid steppe in northern China are affected by long-term stocking rates of sheep and rainfall variation

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hu ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
X. J. Chen ◽  
J. P. Millner ◽  
S. H. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rainfall Variation ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Semi Arid

The soil seed bank has a large influence on the potential for grassland restoration. This study aimed to characterise the composition, density, richness, and evenness of seedlings emerging from the soil seed bank under different sheep stocking rates, in a summer grazing system, in semi-arid China. Soil was sampled in 2015, a year with extreme drought conditions and in 2016, a normal rainfall year. The soil seed bank was assessed by measuring seedling emergence under laboratory conditions. Comprising 16 species, 85.4% of the seedlings were concentrated within a depth of 0–5cm. Drought significantly reduced the density and richness of the seedlings. Grazing increased the richness of seedlings by increasing the richness of aboveground species, and grazing significantly reduced the evenness of the seedlings by reducing the evenness of aboveground species. Drought significantly reduced the similarities between the seedlings and the aboveground species, whereas grazing increased similarities in both years. This study revealed that the density and richness of seedlings were higher in higher stocking rate in drought year. We conclude that negative effects on density, richness and evenness of the seedlings caused by drought can be overcome by rotational grazing especially at higher stocking rate.

The Effects of Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Health

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1545-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yu ◽  
Bian Wen ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Zhao Hua Lu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Treated Wastewater Irrigation

The main source of marginal water for agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions in many countries is treated wastewater. The treated wastewater is full of organic matter and nutrients which can be absorbed by soil and plant. But there are several issues to be addressed in reuse of agriculture: acute and cumulative public health; negative effects on crops, soil, and irrigation systems; salinity effects on soil, crop and most critical, the accumulation of salts in soil layers, and in unsaturated aquifers.

scholarly journals Do Bush Control Techniques Have an Effect on the Density, Cover and Recruitment of Woody Plants in a Semi-Arid Savanna? The Case of a Semi-Arid Savanna, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malicha L. Hare ◽  
Yong D. Wang ◽  
Xin W. Xu ◽  
You Yuan ◽  
Zhou Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Tree Thinning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Acacia Mellifera ◽  
Semi Arid

High bush density and cover have negative effects on the environment in general and on livestock production, in particular in savanna rangelands. The study examined the effects of bush control techniques on woody sapling recruitment in the low land savanna region. The study consisted of 21 plots located next to each other on an area of 5.3 ha encroached by Acacia mellifera and Acacia reficiens trees. Seven bush control treatments were assigned randomly to the plots and replicated three times. In the bush clearing plot, woody species were removed at ground level using a handsaw. In the tree thinning; thinning and grazing; thinning and browsing; thinning and fire, and thinning with fire-browsing treatments, trees were thinned to the equivalents of 60% of the density of that of the control plot. Positive changes in sapling densities were observed in the clearing, thinning, and thinning and grazing treatments. In contrast, the control, thinning and browsing, and thinning and fire treatments presented negative changes in densities. A change in sapling density was highest in the cleared plot, whereas it was lowest in the thinning, fire, and browsing treatment. The correlation between changes in sapling densities and new recruitments was highly (p < 0.001) significant in the clearing, thinning, and thinning and grazing treatments thus increased sapling recruitment with the proportion greater for the clearing treatment. The significant correlation induced average sapling recruitment in the control, and low in the thinning with browsing and thinning with fire treatments. The relationship was insignificant in the thinning, fire, and browsing combination treatment and resulted in the lowest rate of saplings’ recruitment. Postthinning techniques reduced woody tree recruitment and would sustain open savanna under the continuous management plan.

scholarly journals Corn Cob-Derived Biochar Improves the Growth of Saline-Irrigated Quinoa in Different Orders of Egyptian Soils

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Saudi A. Rekaby ◽  
Mahrous Awad ◽  
Ali Majrashi ◽  
Esmat F. Ali ◽  
Mamdouh A. Eissa
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Nutrients Uptake ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Soil Groups

Biochar is one of the important recycling methods in sustainable development, as it ensures the transformation of agricultural wastes into fertilizers and conditioners that improve soil properties and fertility. In the current study, corn cob-derived biochar (CB) was used to reduce the negative effects of saline water on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa cv. Utosaya Q37) grown on Aridisols and Entisols, which are the major soil groups of Egyptian soils. Quinoa plants were cultivated in pot experiment and were irrigated with saline water (EC = 10 dS m−1). The experiment contained three treatments, including control without any treatment, biochar at a rate of 1% (w/w) (BC1), and biochar at a rate of 3% (w/w) (BC3). The findings of the current study showed that BC treatments realized significant effects on soil salinity, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and plant availability and nutrients’ uptake in the two soils types. BC3 increased the SOM in Entisols and Aridisols by 23 and 44%; moreover, the dry biomass of quinoa plants was ameliorated by 81 and 41%, respectively, compared with the control. Addition of biochar to soil increased the nutrients’ use efficiencies by quinoa plants for the two studied Egyptian soils. Biochar addition caused significant increases in the use efficiency of nitrogen (NUF), phosphorus (PUE), and potassium (KUE) by quinoa plants. BC3 increased NUE, PUE, and KUS by 81, 81, and 80% for Entisols, while these increases were 40, 41, and 42% in the case of Aridisols. Based on the obtained results, the application of corn cob biochar improves the soil quality and alleviates the negative effects of saline irrigation on quinoa plants grown on Aridisols and Entisols Egyptian soils. Biochar can be used as a soil amendment in arid and semi-arid regions to reduce the salinity hazards.

scholarly journals Channel Adjustments in Iranian Rivers: A Review

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somaiyeh Khaleghi ◽  
Nicola Surian
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Sand Mining ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Channel Changes ◽  
Channel Adjustments ◽  
Main Controlling Factors ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Different Climates

Channel adjustments in Iranian rivers have been intense over the last decades due to natural and human factors. Iran has six major basins, all with different climates, from very humid to very arid. This work is a review of the available studies and data about channel adjustments in Iranian rivers, and aims to reconstruct a first outline, at a national scale, of types, magnitude, and causes of adjustments. The results show that most of the rivers have undergone incision (1 to 2 m and, in some cases, up to 6 to 7 m) and narrowing (from 19% to 73%), although widening (from 22% to 349%) has occurred in some rivers. Narrowing is due to dams and sediment mining; widening is due to climate change and sediment mining. Incision is due to gravel and sand mining, dams, channelization, with in-channel mining being the main cause of incision. Channel adjustments have occurred in basins with different climates, but it seems that widening has been more intense in arid and semi-arid climates. Such adjustments have several negative effects (e.g., damage to bridges, degradation of river ecosystems, and instability of banks). The comparison between Iran and other countries shows that narrowing and incision have been the dominant processes in most of the rivers, while damming and in-channel mining have been used as the main controlling factors. Data about adjustments in Iranian rivers are neither homogeneous nor complete for all the rivers. This lack of completeness implies that our understanding of channel changes, and their causes, should be improved by further investigation.

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