Asymptomatic systemic disease of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) caused by Puccinia punctiformis and changes in shoot density following inoculation

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.K. Berner ◽  
E.L. Smallwood ◽  
C.A. Cavin ◽  
M.B. McMahon ◽  
K.M. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Puccinia Punctiformis

Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Carlson ◽  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Fall Application ◽  
Root Buds

Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.

CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): BIOLOGY AND FIRST RELEASES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEED CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN ONTARIO, CANADA

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 1489-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Peschken ◽  
R. W. Beecher
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
Puccinia Punctiformis

AbstractCeutorhynchus litura (F.) laid an average of 123 eggs per female. Development from egg to adult took about 6 weeks at room temperature, followed by an obligatory diapause of 3–4 months. In laboratory rearings a maximum of only an 8-fold increase over the original breeding stock was achieved in one generation. The weevil was released against the weed Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) near Belleville, Ont., in 1967. Near the centre of the release site on about 400 m2, thistle shoots have decreased to 4% of their former density of about 3–7 shoots per 0.25 m2. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the weevil aided in the spread of thistle rust Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Rohl.

BIOCONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE): RELEASES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN CANADA

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 777-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Peschken ◽  
A. T. S. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Good Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Noticeable Reduction ◽  
Puccinia Punctiformis

AbstractCeutorhynchus litura (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is established since 1967 in Ontario, and is increasing slowly on nine release sites in five provinces. The weevil is not a good control agent because its reproductive capacity does not compensate for losses inflicted by cultivation and the stress resulting from larval mining is so light that it produces no noticeable reduction in the vigour of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). In contrast to earlier findings, it is doubtful that C. litura aids in the spread of the rust Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Rohl. Further stress factors from other insects or pathogens are needed to control this vigorous weed.

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) management in canola (Brassica rapa) and barley (Hordem vulgare) rotations under zero tillage

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
D. W McAndrew ◽  
G. W. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L

The effect of in-crop herbicide rate, crop row spacing and seeding rate on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] management in two cycles of a canola (Brassica rapa L.)/barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) rotation was investigated under zero tillage at Vegreville, Alberta. The entire plot area received pre-harvest glyphosate from 1993 through 1995. In crop, either no herbicides were applied or clopyralid and dicamba/MCPA-K were applied at one-half or full recommended rates to canola and barley, respectively. In most cases, Canada thistle shoot density and dry weight were lower when the herbicides were used at either rate compared with no herbicide application. Pre-harvest glyphosate followed by either clopyralid or dicamba/MCPA-K in-crop reduced Canada thistle shoot densities from approximately 20 m–2 in 1993 to one or fewer m–2 in 1996. In-crop herbicides resulted in higher crop yields and revenues in 1993 and 1994, but not in 1996 when the Canada thistle infestation was relatively low. The effect of crop row spacing was inconsistent, and had little effect on Canada thistle shoot density or dry weight. In some cases, crop yield was higher at 20-cm than at 30-cm row spacing. Crop seeding rate had no effect on crop or Canada thistle variables. Key words: Cirsium arvense, zero tillage, pre-harvest glyphosate, clopyralid, dicamba/MCPA-K, crop row spacing, crop seeding rate.

Comparison of time and depth of last tillage on the growth of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in summerfallow and its response to glyphosate

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Darwent ◽  
L. Townley-Smith ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Consistent Effect

Field studies were conducted in summerfallow in 1990 and 1991 at Bezanson, Alberta (lat. 55°14′N, long. 118°22′W), and Melfort, Saskatchewan (lat. 52°52′N, long. 104°36′W), to compare the development of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] shoots following the discontinuance of normal tillage at three times (19 July, 30–31 July and 9–12 Aug.), at three depths (0, 10 and 20 cm), and its response to glyphosate applied at 0.9 kg ha−1 40 d after the last tillage (DALT). The tillage treatments had no consistent effect on shoot density when measured at 40 DALT at either location. At Bezanson, small increases (< 5%) in shoot density occurred between 20 and 40 DALT where tillage was conducted at the shallowest depth, but increases of approximately 20–90% occurred during the same period following tillage at the 10 or 20-cm depth. The proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT increased as the time of discontinuing tillage was delayed. At Bezanson, the proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT increased from 0.17 ± 0.05 to 0.59 ± 0.02 when the time of discontinuing tillage was delayed from mid-July to early August, while at Melfort an increase from 0.47 ± 0.04 to 0.93 ± 0.02 occurred for a similar delay in time of discontinuing tillage. Increasing the depth of last tillage increased the proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT at Bezanson, but at Melfort the depth of last tillage had no effect on this proportion. The proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes declined between 20 and 40 DALT when measured at Bezanson. Factors causing an increase in the proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes appeared to be associated with exposure of emerged shoots to reduced daylengths. At both Bezanson and Melfort, shoot density measured 1 yr after tillage–glyphosate treatments was similar in all plots. Thus, the proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes at the time of glyphosate application did not appear to influence the response of Canada thistle to the herbicide. Key words: Integrated weed control, daylength, rosette, perennial-weed control

Preharvest Applications of Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lloyd Darwent ◽  
Kenneth J. Kirkland ◽  
Mirza N. Baig ◽  
Leonard P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Crop Harvest

The effectiveness of single and repeated annual preharvest glyphosate applications (1 to 2 wk before crop harvest) to reduce Canada thistle populations was evaluated in field experiments near Bezanson, AB, Scott, SK, and St. Albert, AB. Single applications of glyphosate at 0.45 to 1.8 kg/ha at Bezanson and St. Albert reduced Canada thistle shoot density by more than 75% but in the three experiments at Scott 1.8 kg/ha was required to consistently obtain a similar reduction. Four consecutive, annual applications of glyphosate at 0.45 kg/ha or more did not eliminate Canada thistle but reduced shoot densities by more than 98% at Bezanson. At Scott, similar reductions occurred in two of three sites following two consecutive, annual preharvest applications of glyphosate at the same rates. In the third Scott site the 1.8 kg/ha rate of glyphosate provided a similar reduction but lower rates did not. At Bezanson, barley yields following the first, second, and third applications of glyphosate at 0.45 kg/ha or more were 14% greater than check plots where MCPA was applied in the spring. Yields of wheat seeded 1 yr after a single application of glyphosate at St. Albert were 26% greater than from unsprayed checks. Barley yields seeded 1 yr after each glyphosate application at Scott were not affected because Canada thistle populations were sparse.

Root versus shoot measurements to evaluate recovery of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) after several years of control treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Root Buds

Several methods were compared for estimating long-term control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] after ending several years of herbicide treatment. Simple linear regression equations using shoot density m−2, numbers of adventitious root buds, or root fresh weight, measured in late summer after several years of herbicide treatment, were equally accurate in estimating Canada thistle shoot density m−2 in early June of the following year (R2 = 0.77–0.81). In contrast, shoot density m−2 measured in late summer estimated shoot density m−2 in late summer of the following year more accurately (R2 = 0.93) than did either root growth variable (R2 values = 0.80–0.83). Key words: Adventitious root buds, perennial weed, root

Retreatment with Fall-Applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Abandoned Farmland ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Root Buds

This field research was designed to compare the long-term effectiveness of late-September applications of several herbicides for reducing Canada thistle shoot density on noncropped, untilled abandoned farmland when reapplied annually for 3 yr. Clopyralid at 560 and 840 g ae ha−1or picloram at 280 and 560 g ae ha−1reduced Canada thistle shoot density as well as either glyphosate3at 0.8 to 2.8 kg ae ha−1or dicamba at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1. These treatments were much more effective than 2,4-D at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1, chlorsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ai ha−1, and metsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ha−1for progressively reducing Canada thistle shoot density over three annual fall applications. Picloram and clopyralid greatly reduced and delayed shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring after two fall-applied treatments compared with nontreated checks.

Control of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) with Glyphosate Applied at the Bud vs Rosette Stage

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
One Year ◽  
Summer Fallow

The interaction of cultivation and photoperiod on the initiation of Canada thistle rosettes, and the effect of growth stage on control of Canada thistle with glyphosate were determined in a series of field experiments. Under the natural photoperiod occurring in the southern Canadian Prairies, rosettes of Canada thistle were initiated by cultivation to remove the shoot growth during the last week of July. Regrowth remained as rosettes without any stem elongation and formed dense clusters of leaves. Application at the “August rosette stage” improved the effectiveness of the glyphosate treatment and resulted in consistent control of Canada thistle with less than half as much herbicide as recommended for control when applied at the bud-stage. The number of shoots of Canada thistle on plots treated with glyphosate was less than on the intensively summer-fallowed check plot. Check plots received 5 cultivations during the summer-fallow season. One year after application of glyphosate at the rosette stage, the reduction in shoot density was 99% compared to the summer-fallowed check. By year three, without glyphosate applications in years two and three, the benefits of applying glyphosate at the rosette stage rather than the bud-stage were very evident. When applied at the bud-stage the shoot density on plots treated with glyphosate at 2.25 kg ha−1was 24 m−2compared to only 10 shoots m−2when applied at the rosette stage, (35% vs 72% control). Glyphosate at 0.9 kg ha−1or less than half of the rate recommended for application at the bud-stage, applied to Canada thistle in the rosette stage, resulted in consistently fewer shoots 2 and 3 yr after treatment. Physical removal of shoot top growth, simulating an in-crop herbicide treatment, improved the consistency of control. Two years after application of 0.9 kg ha−1of glyphosate at the rosette stage, the control of Canada thistle was 98% compared to the summer-fallowed checks.

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