scholarly journals The molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of estrogens, SERMs and oxysterols: Implications for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis

Bone ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik R. Nelson ◽  
Suzanne E. Wardell ◽  
Donald P. McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Of Osteoporosis

Neuroblastoma: An Updated Review on Biology and Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1014-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Mallepalli ◽  
Manoj Kumar Gupta ◽  
Ramakrishna Vadde
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Mycn Amplification ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Risk Patients

Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second leading extracranial solid tumors of early childhood and clinically characterized by the presence of round, small, monomorphic cells with excess nuclear pigmentation (hyperchromasia).Owing to a lack of definitive treatment against NB and less survival rate in high-risk patients, there is an urgent requirement to understand molecular mechanisms associated with NB in a better way, which in turn can be utilized for developing drugs towards the treatment of NB in human. Objectives: In this review, an approach was adopted to understand major risk factors, pathophysiology, the molecular mechanism associated with NB, and various therapeutic agents that can serve as drugs towards the treatment of NB in humans. Conclusions: Numerous genetic (e.g., MYCN amplification), perinatal, and gestational factors are responsible for developing NB. However, no definite environmental or parental exposures responsible for causing NB have been confirmed to date. Though intensive multimodal treatment approaches, namely, chemotherapy, surgery &radiation, may help in improving the survival rate in children, these approaches have several side effects and do not work efficiently in high-risk patients. However, recent studies suggested that numerous phytochemicals, namely, vincristine, and matrine have a minimal side effect in the human body and may serve as a therapeutic drug during the treatment of NB. Most of these phytochemicals work in a dose-dependent manner and hence must be prescribed very cautiously. The information discussed in the present review will be useful in the drug discovery process as well as treatment and prevention on NB in humans.

Osteoporosis and its treatment

1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Minor Trauma ◽  
Fractured Neck Of Femur ◽  
Neck Of Femur ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Of Osteoporosis

The mineral content of bone is greatest in young adults and thereafter decreases with age. Osteoporosis can be defined as a reduction in the amount of bone mineral per unit volume of anatomical bone or skeleton, or more simply as a reduction in bone volume, exceeding the natural decline with age. The process diminishes bone strength but produces no symptoms until a fracture occurs in response to minor trauma - typically of a vertebral body, the proximal end of the femur or the lower forearm. Osteoporosis has major economic consequences: 10% of all orthopaedic beds in Britain are occupied by patients with fractured neck of femur, most of which are associated with osteoporosis.1 This article discusses the diagnosis, causes, treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in the kidney

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (10) ◽  
pp. F821-F834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinelopi P. Kapitsinou ◽  
Volker H. Haase
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hypoxic Preconditioning ◽  
Adaptation To Hypoxia ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Nitric Oxide Signaling ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Multiple Signaling

More effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) are needed to improve the high morbidity and mortality associated with this frequently encountered clinical condition. Ischemic and/or hypoxic preconditioning attenuates susceptibility to ischemic injury, which results from both oxygen and nutrient deprivation and accounts for most cases of AKI. While multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in renoprotection, this review will focus on oxygen-regulated cellular and molecular responses that enhance the kidney's tolerance to ischemia and promote renal repair. Central mediators of cellular adaptation to hypoxia are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs play a crucial role in ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning through the reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism, and by coordinating adenosine and nitric oxide signaling with antiapoptotic, oxidative stress, and immune responses. The therapeutic potential of HIF activation for the treatment and prevention of ischemic injuries will be critically examined in this review.

Intravenous pamidronate in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Y. Chan ◽  
L. M. Nery ◽  
A. McElduff ◽  
E. G. Wilmshurst ◽  
G. R. Fulcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Intravenous Pamidronate ◽  
Prevention Of Osteoporosis

CALCIUM AND VITAMIN : EFFECTS ON BONE TISSUE AND VASCULAR REMODELING (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1200-1208
Author(s):  
С. В. Булгакова ◽  
Е. В. Тренева ◽  
Н. О. Захарова ◽  
А. В. Николаева
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Calcium Deposits ◽  
Local Accumulation ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Препараты кальция входят в схемы лечения и профилактики низкой минеральной плотности костной ткани. Однако последние научные исследования показали, что дополнительное поступление кальция может увеличить риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Это связано с отложением кальция в эндотелии кровеносных сосудов. Значимость минерализации сосудистой стенки не ограничивается локальным накоплением кальциевых депозитов, но в значительной мере определяется их активирующим влиянием на прогрессирование атеросклероза. Витамин К играет важную роль в гомеостазе кальция, снижает артериальную кальцификацию и артериальную жесткость и, как следствие, оказывает протективный эффект при приеме кальция. В данном обзоре литературы представлена современная информация о кальциевом парадоксе, обсуждаются основные молекулярные механизмы кальцификации сосудов, рассмотрены терапевтические стратегии лечения витамином К . Calcium preparations are included in the treatment and prevention regimens for low bone mineral density. However, recent scientific studies have shown that additional calcium intake can increase the risk of heart disease, which is associated with the deposition of calcium in the endothelium of blood vessels. The significance of vascular wall mineralization is not limited to local accumulation of calcium deposits, but is largely determined by their activating effect on the progression of atherosclerosis. Vitamin K plays an important role in calcium homeostasis, reduces arterial calcification and arterial stiffness and, as a result, has a protective effect when taking calcium. This literature review provides current information about the calcium paradox, discusses the main molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification, and considers therapeutic strategies for vitamin К treatment.

scholarly journals PRECISION MEDICINE - THE GOLDEN GATE FOR DETECTION, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
H. Hampel ◽  
S.E. O’Bryant ◽  
J.I. Castrillo ◽  
C. Ritchie ◽  
K. Rojkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Preclinical Stage ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

During this decade, breakthrough conceptual shifts have commenced to emerge in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) recognizing risk factors and the non-linear dynamic continuum of complex pathophysiologies amongst a wide dimensional spectrum of multi-factorial brain proteinopathies/neurodegenerative diseases. As is the case in most fields of medicine, substantial advancements in detecting, treating and preventing AD will likely evolve from the generation and implementation of a systematic precision medicine strategy. This approach will likely be based on the success found from more advanced research fields, such as oncology. Precision medicine will require integration and transfertilization across fragmented specialities of medicine and direct reintegration of Neuroscience, Neurology and Psychiatry into a continuum of medical sciences away from the silo approach. Precision medicine is biomarker-guided medicine on systems-levels that takes into account methodological advancements and discoveries of the comprehensive pathophysiological profiles of complex multi-factorial neurodegenerative diseases, such as late-onset sporadic AD. This will allow identifying and characterizing the disease processes at the asymptomatic preclinical stage, where pathophysiological and topographical abnormalities precede overt clinical symptoms by many years to decades. In this respect, the uncharted territory of the AD preclinical stage has become a major research challenge as the field postulates that early biomarker guided customized interventions may offer the best chance of therapeutic success. Clarification and practical operationalization is needed for comprehensive dissection and classification of interacting and converging disease mechanisms, description of genomic and epigenetic drivers, natural history trajectories through space and time, surrogate biomarkers and indicators of risk and progression, as well as considerations about the regulatory, ethical, political and societal consequences of early detection at asymptomatic stages. In this scenario, the integrated roles of genome sequencing, investigations of comprehensive fluid-based biomarkers and multimodal neuroimaging will be of key importance for the identification of distinct molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways in subsets of asymptomatic people at greatest risk for progression to clinical milestones due to those specific pathways. The precision medicine strategy facilitates a paradigm shift in Neuroscience and AD research and development away from the classical “one-size-fits-all” approach in drug discovery towards biomarker guided “molecularly” tailored therapy for truly effective treatment and prevention options. After the long and winding decade of failed therapy trials progress towards the holistic systems-based strategy of precision medicine may finally turn into the new age of scientific and medical success curbing the global AD epidemic.

Models for Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 841-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zethraeus ◽  
W. Ben Sedrine ◽  
F. Caulin ◽  
S. Corcaud ◽  
H. J. Gathon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Of Osteoporosis ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Chemical safety in the context of environmental goals of sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Vol 915 (1) ◽  
pp. 012032
Author(s):  
A Ishchenko ◽  
N Stuchynska ◽  
L Haiova ◽  
E Shchepanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hazardous Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Labeling ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Environmental Goals

Abstract The aim of the article is to carry out a systematic analysis of the components of chemical safety in the context of the environmental aspect of sustainable development goals and to identify those components with the help of competent health professionals. Hazardous chemicals can travel for long distances, be accumulated in the environment as well as cause adverse effects on human health through food chains. The action of toxicants of inorganic and organic nature occurs due to the violation of metabolic processes, inhibition of enzymes, and biotransformation of xenobiotics into more toxic compounds. Physicians must be clearly aware of the relationship in the “toxicant-pathology” system; understand the molecular mechanisms of the hazardous chemicals action; use terminology regarding toxicological characteristics of toxicants; conduct educational, treatment, and prevention activities among the population; acquire information on regulations governing the management of chemical compounds. The next component of chemical safety is the knowledge of approaches to chemical labeling and safety measures for working with chemical products throughout their life cycle. Proper interpretation of the type and level of hazard will enable taking necessary precautions and following relevant safety rules while working with chemical products.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Ferroptosis in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: A New Therapeutic Target?

ASN NEURO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 175909142110375
Author(s):  
Zhong-Qi Bu ◽  
Hai-Yang Yu ◽  
Jue Wang ◽  
Xin He ◽  
Yue-Ran Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Research Findings

Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of high morbidity, mortality, and disability worldwide; however, the treatment methods are limited and do not always achieve satisfactory results. The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is complex, defined by multiple mechanisms; among them, programmed death of neuronal cells plays a significant role. Ferroptosis is a novel type of regulated cell death characterized by iron redistribution or accumulation and increased lipid peroxidation in the membrane. Ferroptosis is implicated in many pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we summarize current research findings on ferroptosis, including possible molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications of ferroptosis regulators, with a focus on the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of ischemic stroke. Understanding the role of ferroptosis in ischemic stroke will throw some light on the development of methods for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this devastating disease.

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