Four Oral Motor Disorders: Bruxism, Dystonia, Dyskinesia and Drug-Induced Dystonic Extrapyramidal Reactions

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn T. Clark ◽  
Saravanan Ram
Keyword(s):  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Oral Motor

scholarly journals New animal model to study mastication in oral motor disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-136
Author(s):  
Ichiro Okayasu ◽  
Yoshiaki Yamada ◽  
Shoji Kohno ◽  
Noriaki Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Oral Motor

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of chlorpromazine and its role in the development of antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
E. E. Vaiman ◽  
M. A. Novitsky ◽  
R. F. Nasyrova
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic Receptors ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Single Nucleotide Variants ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Extrapyramidal Syndrome ◽  
Neurological System

Antipsychotics (AP) is a group of psychotropic drugs for the treatment of mental disorders, in particular schizophrenia. In the mid-1950s, the first AP was synthesized (known as chlorpromazine (CPZ)). This drug has revolutionized the treatment of psychotic disorders. This drug, in addition to the antipsychotic effect, caused severe adverse drug reactions in patients, in particular from the neurological system, such as AP-induced extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS) — chlorpromazine-in-duced parkinsonism (CPZ-IP). CPZ-IP characterized by the occurrence of motor disorders. CPZ-IP is as a result of damage to the basal ganglia and subcortical-thalamic connections. Drug-induced EPS is subdivided into primary and secondary. Among the primary EPS, drug-IP is the most common (the leading form of secondary parkinsonism). Pharmacogenetic markers of CPZ safety are being actively studied. Some pharmacogenetic markers of therapy safety have been established: single nucleotide variants/polymorphisms of candidate genes for dopaminergic receptors D2 and D3 (DRD2 (rs1799732 (-141C Ins/Del)), DRD3 (rs6280 (Ser9Gly)), laforine phosphatase (EPM2A (rs1415744 (C/T)).

scholarly journals Description of oral motoric disorders in 2-4 years old children

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossa Ayu Sabilah ◽  
Risti Saptarini Primarti ◽  
Eriska Riyanti
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Motor Disturbance ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Oral Motor ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Motor Structure ◽  
Motor Disturbances

Introduction: Oral motor disorders, such as speech and swallowing disorders, often occur in children. Generally parents complain that children refuse to eat hard food, drooling excess, and unable to speak clearly. Oral motor disturbance can occur due to the unavailability of maturation of oral motor structure. This study was aimed to determine the description of oral motor disturbance in children aged 2-4 years in some Integrated Health Service (Posyandu) in Bandung. Methods: Descriptive research with cross sectional design. The study was conducted on 100 parents who came to six posyandu in Bandung by using questionnaires through guided interviews by researchers. Samples were taken using multistage random sampling technique. The results will be presented in tabular form and assessed using Arikunto standard criteria. Results: The results showed a low percentage in oral motor disturbances. Indicators of oral motor disturbance in children aged 2 - 4 years included in either category. As for children who have oral motor disorders exhibit various manifestations. Conclusion: The description of oral motor disorders in children aged 2 - 4 years in Posyandu in Bandung was shown by various manifestations. Based on the number of populations taken, oral motor disorders in children aged 2-4 years included into either category.

Commentary on the Modified Rogers Scale and the ‘Conflict of Paradigms' Hypothesis

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Liddle
Keyword(s):  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
The Will

The variety and complexity of schizophrenic movement disorders renders them difficult to assess. In particular, the complex disorders of motility that appear to reflect disturbance of the will demand an evaluation of the purpose of the movement. The difficulties of assessment are compounded by the fact that the antipsychotic drugs used to treat the illness can produce motor disorders that resemble the disorders intrinsic to the illness. In advancing his ‘conflict of paradigms' hypothesis, Rogers (1985) implied that emphasis on the distinction between intrinsic and drug-induced movement disorders might be misplaced because of overlap not only in the observable characteristics of these disorders, but also in the underlying neuropathology.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

Effect of piperacillin on morphology and viability of gram-negative bacteria

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
R. H. Liss
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Drug Binding ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Lactam Antibiotic ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Tube Dilution

Piperacillip (PIP) is b-[D(-)-α-(4-ethy1-2,3-dioxo-l-piperzinylcar-bonylamino)-α-phenylacetamido]-penicillanate. The broad spectrum semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotic is believed to effect bactericidal activity through its affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane that control elongation and septation during cell growth and division. The purpose of this study was to correlate penetration and binding of 14C-PIP in bacterial cells with drug-induced lethal changes assessed by microscopic, microbiologic and biochemical methods.The bacteria used were clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Figure 1). Sensitivity to the drug was determined by serial tube dilution in Trypticase Soy Broth (BBL) at an inoculum of 104 organisms/ml; the minimum inhibitory concentration of piperacillin for both bacteria was 1 μg/ml. To assess drug binding to PBPs, the bacteria were incubated with 14C-PIP (5 μg/0.09 μCi/ml); controls, in drug-free medium.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

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