scholarly journals Respiratory Disease and Lower Pulmonary Function as Risk Factors for Dementia

CHEST Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom C. Russ ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
G. David Batty
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Respiratory Disease

scholarly journals Respiratory disease and lower pulmonary function as risk factors for subsequent dementia: a systematic review with meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom C. Russ ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
G. David Batty
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Poor Pulmonary Function

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn addition to affecting the oxygen supply to the brain, pulmonary function is a marker of multiple insults throughout life (including smoking, illness, and socioeconomic deprivation). By meta-analysing existing studies, we tested the hypothesis that lower pulmonary function and respiratory illness are linked to an elevated risk of dementia.AimsTo review the best available evidence, taken from longitudinal studies, for pulmonary function and respiratory disease as risk factors of dementia.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of longitudinal studies using PubMed until April 1st, 2019 and, where possible, pooled results in random-effects meta-analyses.ResultsWe identified eleven studies relating pulmonary function to later dementia risk, and eleven studies of respiratory illness and dementia (including one which studied both). The lowest quartile of lung function measure Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) compared with the highest was associated with a 1.5-fold (1.51, 95%CI 0.94-2.42) increased dementia risk (Ntotal=127,710, 3 studies). Respiratory illness was also associated with increased dementia risk to a similar degree (1.54, 1.30-1.81, Ntotal=288,641, 11 studies).ConclusionsIndividuals with poor pulmonary function are at increased risk of dementia. The extent to which the association between poor pulmonary function and dementia is causal remains unclear.

Components of a risk assessment tool for prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sharif S. Aly ◽  
Betsy M. Karle ◽  
Deniece R. Williams ◽  
Gabriele U. Maier ◽  
Sasha Dubrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Management Changes

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading natural cause of death in US beef and dairy cattle, causing the annual loss of more than 1 million animals and financial losses in excess of $700 million. The multiple etiologies of BRD and its complex web of risk factors necessitate a herd-specific intervention plan for its prevention and control on dairies. Hence, a risk assessment is an important tool that producers and veterinarians can utilize for a comprehensive assessment of the management and host factors that predispose calves to BRD. The current study identifies the steps taken to develop the first BRD risk assessment tool and its components, namely the BRD risk factor questionnaire, the BRD scoring system, and a herd-specific BRD control and prevention plan. The risk factor questionnaire was designed to inquire on aspects of calf-rearing including management practices that affect calf health generally, and BRD specifically. The risk scores associated with each risk factor investigated in the questionnaire were estimated based on data from two observational studies. Producers can also estimate the prevalence of BRD in their calf herds using a smart phone or tablet application that facilitates selection of a true random sample of calves for scoring using the California BRD scoring system. Based on the risk factors identified, producers and herd veterinarians can then decide the management changes needed to mitigate the calf herd's risk for BRD. A follow-up risk assessment after a duration of time sufficient for exposure of a new cohort of calves to the management changes introduced in response to the risk assessment is recommended to monitor the prevalence of BRD.

scholarly journals The middle-aged and elderly urban residents’ individual perceptions of PM2.5 pollution and its influencing factors in Wuxi, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Jiayao Zhang ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Zhen Ding
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background PM 2.5 pollution has become a major public health concern in urban China. Understanding the residents’ individual perceptions toward haze pollution is critical for policymaking and risk communication. However, the perceptions of middle-aged and elderly residents, who particularly vulnerable to haze pollution, are poorly understood. Methods A cross-sectional study of 400 randomly sampled individuals (aged 40 to 90 years) was conducted in Wuxi, a typical PM 2.5 -polluted city. Each participant’s demographic and health information, individual perception and pulmonary function outcomes were collected to explore the relationship between personal characteristics and pulmonary function parameters and perception factors. Results We found that the mean values for controllability (4.99 ± 2.78) and dread of self-risk (6.90 ± 2.45) were the lowest and the highest values, respectively, in our study. Education and average family income were positively related with all individual perception factors, while age was negatively associated. A history of respiratory disease was positively associated with all individual perception factors except controllability . Significant positive associations were observed between PEF (coefficients ranged from 0.18 to 0.22) and FEF75% (coefficients ranged from 0.18 to 0.29) with a variety of individual perception factors. Conclusions There was a lack of concern and knowledge, weak self-protection consciousness and a strong dread of PM 2.5 pollution among the middle-aged and elderly residents in Wuxi. Their individual perceptions were associated with age, education levels, average family income, history of respiratory disease and pulmonary function outcomes. Our findings may help policymakers develop effective policies and communication strategies to mitigate the hazards of haze among older residents.

scholarly journals PSVI-24 Evolution and risk factors of pulmonary lesions evaluated with thoracic ultrasonography in pre-weaned beef calves at arrival at the rearing facilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Carolina Tejero ◽  
Maria Devant ◽  
Joan Pujols ◽  
Sonia Marti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Current Health ◽  
D 12 ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Transport Type

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the main health problems in in pre-weaning calves at rearing farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of pulmonary lesions using a thoracic ultrasonography and its association with predictable risk factors. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed in 811 calves (45–56 kg of BW and 3–4 wk of age) on 5 different rearing facilities at arrival and from d 12 to d 27 after arrival. Thoracic ultrasonography score was classified based on Adams and Buczinski (2016). Weight (light vs heavy), breed (dairy vs crossbred), source (national vs international), season, and number of calves arriving at the facility were recorded and used to evaluate risk factors. Data were analyzed using mixed effects models. At arrival 31% of the calvespresented pulmonary lesions, 21% were mild and 10% severe. After 12–27 d the number of calves without lesion decreased (P < 0.001; 70.3 ± 3.93% vs 34.0 ± 3.93%), number of severe lesions increased (P < 0.001; 8.9% ± 4.78% vs 40.1% ± 4.78%), however mild lesions were constant over time. Percentage of severe pulmonary lesions were greater (P < 0.001) when calves arrived in fall than spring, summer and winter; when calf source (P < 0.001) was international than national; and when their breeds (P < 0.001) were crossbred than dairy. A tendency (P = 0.09) was observed with the increase of severe pulmonary lesions with an increase of animals received by batch. At arrival, calves already had pulmonary lesions that increased in severity over time, therefore current health protocols do not mitigate BRD and more attention should be taken on risk factors such as breed, transport type and season.

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