A review on the influence of barriers on gender equality to access the city: A synthesis approach of Mexico City and its Metropolitan Area

Abstract. The contribution of garbage burning (GB) emissions to chloride and PM2.5 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) has been investigated for the period of 24 to 29 March during the MILAGRO-2006 campaign using the WRF-CHEM model. When the MCMA 2006 official emission inventory without biomass burning is used in the simulations, the WRF-CHEM model significantly underestimates the observed particulate chloride in the urban and the suburban areas. The inclusion of GB emissions substantially improves the simulations of particulate chloride; GB contributes more than 60% of the observation, indicating that it is a major source of particulate chloride in Mexico City. GB yields up to 3 pbb HCl at the ground level in the city, which is mainly caused by the burning of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the garbage. GB is also an important source of PM2.5, contributing about 3–30% simulated PM2.5 mass on average. More modeling work is needed to evaluate the GB contribution to hazardous air toxics, such as dioxin, which is found to be released at high level from PVC burning in laboratory experiments.

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Contribution of garbage burning to chloride and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Mexico City

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-13667-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 13667-13689 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Li ◽

W. Lei ◽

N. Bei ◽

L. T. Molina

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Polyvinyl Chloride ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Ground Level ◽

Suburban Areas ◽

High Level ◽

The City

Abstract. The contribution of garbage burning (GB) emissions to chloride and PM2.5 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is investigated for the period of 24 to 29 March during the MILAGRO-2006 campaign using the WRF-CHEM model. When the MCMA-2006 official emission inventory without biomass burning is used in the simulations, the WRF-CHEM model significantly underestimates the observed particulate chloride in the urban and the suburban areas. The inclusion of GB emissions substantially improves the simulations of particulate chloride; GB contributes more than 60 % of the observation, indicating it is a major source of particulate chloride in Mexico City. GB yields up to 3 pbb HCl at the ground level in the city, which is mainly caused by the burning of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the garbage. GB is also an important source of PM2.5, contributing about 3–30 % simulated PM2.5 mass on average. More modeling work is needed to evaluate the GB contribution to hazardous air toxics, such as dioxin, which is found to be released at high level from PVC burning in laboratory experiments.

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Slum Neighborhoods in Latin America

Journal of Inter-American Studies ◽

10.2307/164857 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 507-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lloyd H. Rogler

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Mexico City ◽

Latin American ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Buenos Aires ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Vacant Lots ◽

Urban Migrants ◽

American Cities ◽

The City

In the life of Latin American cities the rapid expansion of slum neighborhoods has emerged as a compelling problem. The inability of city authorities to provide adequate and inexpensive housing for rural-to-urban migrants, as well as for those economically poor persons born and raised in the city, has clashed with the tremendous growth of the population and its drive toward urbanization. The impoverished families must settle wherever they can. Scattered throughout Mexico City, for instance, on vacant lots adjoining factories or on the periphery of the metropolitan area are shack homes built of miscellaneous materials, known as jacales, or the rows of single-story concrete, brick, or adobe dwellings called vecindades. Beyond Mexico City, there are the villas miserias of Buenos Aires, the favelas on the rocky promontories of Rio de Janeiro, the barrios clandestinos of Bogotá, the barriadasmarginales of Lima, the ranchos of Caracas, and the callampas (mushrooms) of Santiago.

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Mexico City

Urban Studies ◽

10.1093/obo/9780190922481-0010 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alejandra María Leal Martínez

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Latin American ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Urban Politics ◽

Federal District ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

The State ◽

Small Island ◽

World Class ◽

The City

Numerous urban scholars have been studying Mexico City—the capital of Mexico—since at least the 1970s, drawn to its remarkable growth during the second half of the 20th century and to its specific patterns of urbanization. The city is located at more than 7,000 feet above sea level in the southern section of a large, enclosed basin known as the Valley of Mexico. Its name officially designates what until recently was the Federal District, an area of 550 square miles divided into sixteen administrative jurisdictions and which, until 1997, lacked a democratically elected government. A 2016 reform transformed Mexico City into the country’s thirty-second state. In common usage, the name Mexico City also refers to the greater Mexico City Metropolitan Area, which as of 2010 also included fifty-nine adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico and one in the State of Hidalgo, with a total extent of nearly 3,100 square miles. According to the 2010 census, Mexico City’s population is around nine million, while the greater Metropolitan Area has more than twenty million inhabitants. The city was founded in 1521 on the ruins of the Aztec capital on a small island in Lake Texcoco and gradually expanded onto the increasingly desiccated lakebed, which has created a particular set of environmental problems, such as constant flooding. Like other major Latin American cities, Mexico City—and later the Metropolitan Area—grew exponentially after the 1940s, as industrialization attracted massive migration. Its population jumped from three million in 1930 to around fifteen million in 1985. Mexico’s most important city, as well as its political, cultural, and economic center, Mexico City is a study in contrasts. It displays wealth and poverty extremes, world-class architecture next to marginal shantytowns, and a vibrant, cosmopolitan cultural life alongside high criminal rates and seemingly intractable environmental problems, which continue to attract the interest of a wide variety of urban scholars. This bibliography is selective rather than exhaustive. It privileges recent English- and Spanish-language scholarship, but also includes key texts that continue to inform the field, as well as recent urban historiography. It is divided into the main topics covered by urban scholars of Mexico City since the 1970s. These range from urban planning, urban politics, informality, poverty, and marginality, which were dominant themes until the 1980s, to urban protest and social movements, gentrification, and environmental, gender, and cultural studies, which have expanded the field more recently. The author wishes to thank Carlos Humberto Arroyo Batista for his research assistance in elaborating this bibliography.

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Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-9-24085-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 24085-24143 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. C. Apel ◽

L. K. Emmons ◽

T. Karl ◽

F. Flocke ◽

A. J. Hills ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Volatile Organic Compounds ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Mexico City ◽

Chemical Evolution ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Substantial Contribution ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

The City ◽

Insight Into

Abstract. The volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and its evolution as it is uplifted and transported out of the MCMA basin was studied during the 2006 MILAGRO/MIRAGE-Mex field campaign. The results show that in the morning hours in the city center, the VOC distribution is dominated by non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) but with a substantial contribution from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), predominantly from primary emissions. Alkanes account for a large part of the NMHC distribution in terms of mixing ratios. In terms of reactivity, NMHCs also dominate overall, especially in the morning hours. However, in the afternoon, as the boundary layer lifts and air is mixed and aged within the basin, the distribution changes as secondary products are formed. The WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) model and MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers) were able to reproduce the general features of the daytime cycle of the VOC OH reactivity distribution showing that NMHCs dominate the distribution except in the afternoon hours and that the VOC OH reactivity peaks in the early morning due to high morning emissions from the city into a shallow boundary layer. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models showed higher reactivity than the experimental data during the nighttime cycle, perhaps indicating problems with the modeled nighttime boundary layer height. In addition, a plume was studied in which air was advected out of the MCMA and intercepted downwind with the DOE G1 on 18~March and the NCAR C130 one day later on 19~March. A number of identical species measured aboard each aircraft gave insight into the chemical evolution of the plume as it aged and was transported as far as 1000 km downwind. Ozone and many OVOCs were photochemically produced in the plume. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models were used to examine the spatial and temporal extent of the 19~March plume and to help interpret the OH reactivity in the downwind plume. The model results generally showed good agreement with experimental results for the total VOC OH reactivity downwind and gave insight into the distributions of VOC chemical classes downwind. A box model with detailed gas phase chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism), initialized with concentrations observed at one of the ground sites in the MCMA, was used to examine the expected evolution of specific VOCs over a 1–2~day period. The models clearly supported the experimental evidence for NMHC oxidation leading to the formation of OVOCs downwind, which then become the primary fuel for ozone production far away from the MCMA.

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A City of Promenades

Athens Journal of Architecture ◽

10.30958/aja.7-1-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 75-112

Author(s):

Carolyn Aguilar-Dubose ◽

Maite García-Vedrenne

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Mexico City ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Colonial Mexico ◽

Sports Clubs ◽

Patterns Of Use ◽

Natural Landscapes ◽

Neighbourhood Level ◽

Historic City ◽

The City

Studying old maps showing the transformation of Mexico City can unveil possible footprints of historic facilities and utilities that have disappeared in the process of urban modernization. The objective of this exercise is to uncover the location of old structures of Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico City as a basis for creating a new footprint of urban memory and identity. A city of promenades proposes the remembrance and use of public space, such as the recuperation of lost cultural and geographic landscapes. It takes the routes and paths, the aqueducts, the roads, the moats, the ramparts, the gates of the historic city and its connections to other villages, which now conform this great metropolitan area and it revives them in order to bring communities together. Inhabitants experience a sense of belonging to a meaningful place, while looking back to the past of a growing city. These paths will serve as initiators of projects and actions which will improve patterns of use and sense of identity, offering landmarks, establishing linear parks as connectors of different scales of existing parks and, through modern design, creating a rediscovered footprint of monuments, landscapes and infrastructures long gone. This proposal is an integral project for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. It begins at the neighbourhood level and forms part of an urban park system; connecting the surrounding natural landscapes and woodlands, the urban parks, sports clubs, neighbourhood parks, squares, bridges, central reservations, sidewalks, tree and flower beds, chapels, rights of way, unused railways, roads, avenues, greenhouses, agricultural trails, cemeteries, brooks and waterways, ravines, canals, terraces, balconies, cloisters and convent patios, archeological sites and unbuilt urban block cores. The city of paths and strolls, of boulevards, of old roads to haciendas and convents, of dikes, gateways, old custom house gates, water fountains and springs, canals, causeways, watermills and aqueducts is an academic exercise with students and teachers to find a meaningful representation of the layers of history that builds a city and creates identity.

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Distribución espacial del sector servicios en la Ciudad de México, 1960-2008 / Spatial Distribution of the Service Sector in Mexico City, 1960-2008

Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos ◽

10.24201/edu.v27i1.1404 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Gustavo Garza

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Mexico City ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Service Sector ◽

Relative Concentration ◽

Product Distribution ◽

Central Node ◽

Significant Downward Trend ◽

The City

En este artículo se analiza la evolución de la conformación espacial del sector servicios en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México de 1960 a 2008. El escrito está estructurado en cinco incisos principales, en los que se estudia la distribución del producto interno bruto de los establecimientos comerciales y de servicios localizados en las cinco zonas en que se subdivide la metrópoli. Se calculan tres indicadores para medir y analizar la evolución de la localización de las actividades terciarias en cada etapa de la expansión de la urbe. En su formulación más general, se concluye que el nodo central aumenta su índice de concentración relativa durante todo el periodo, imprimiendo a la ciudad una conformación espacial clásica de sus actividades terciarias, esto es, con una significativa tendencia decreciente del centro a la periferia. AbstractThis paper’s proposal is to analyze the evolution of the spatial conformation of the service sector within the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City from 1960 to 2008. The document, divided in five major sections, studies the gross domestic product distribution of the commercial and service activities located in five areas in which the metropolis is subdivided. Three indicators are calculated to measure and analyze the evolution of the location of tertiary activities in each stage of the expansion of the city. In its most general formulation, it is concluded that the central node increases its index of relative concentration throughout the period, gives the city a spatial classical tertiary organization of activities, that is, a significant downward trend from the center to the periphery.

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Las corrientes migratorias en las ciudades contiguas a la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México: el caso de la aglomeración urbana de Pachuca / Migratory Trends in Cities Adjacent to the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. The Case of Urban Agglomeration i

Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos ◽

10.24201/edu.v22i3.1273 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 619

Author(s):

José Aurelio Granados Alcántar

Keyword(s):

Population Growth ◽

Mexico City ◽

Urban Space ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Social Changes ◽

The Past ◽

El Sistema ◽

Regional Influence ◽

System Of Cities ◽

The City

En los últimos veinte años la ciudad de Pachuca ha sufrido grandes transformaciones en su territorio; el ritmo de crecimiento poblacional ha provocado que la ciudad se expanda físicamente como no lo había hecho en sus casi quinientos años de existencia. Una parte de este crecimiento poblacional se debe a los procesos inmigratorios que han ocurrido en los últimos años. Tomando en cuenta las tendencias y las experiencias de otras ciudades contiguas a la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, pensamos que el actual flujo migratorio se consolidará e intensificará en los próximos años. De ahí que el objetivo del presente trabajo sea realizar un estudio sobre las corrientes migratorias en el espacio urbano de Pachuca, describiendo el perfil del migrante según los flujos establecidos. Nos interesa prever los cambios económicos y sociales en la ciudad, el desarrollo de su influencia regional y su nuevo papel en el sistema de ciudades y en la megalópolis de la Ciudad de México. AbstractOver the past twenty years, the city of Pachuca has undergone enormous transformations in its territory while the rate of population growth has meant that the city has expanded more than ever before in its nearly 500 years of existence. Part of this population growth is due to the migratory processes that have taken place in recent years. Given the trends and experiences of other cities adjacent to the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone, the authors believe that the current migratory flow will be consolidated and intensified over the next few years. The aim of this study is to therefore to undertake a study of migratory trends in the urban space of Pachuca, by describing migrants’ profiles according to the established flows. The authors are interested in predicting the economic and social changes in the city, the development of its regional influence and its new role in the system of cities and the Mexico City megalopolis.

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Evaluation of the Effects of the 1985 Michoacan Earthquake on the Water Systems in Metropolitan Mexico City

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.1585583 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 473-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A. Gustavo Ayala ◽

Michael J. O'Rourke ◽

J. Alberto Escobar

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Earthquake Engineering ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Seismic Vulnerability ◽

Water Systems ◽

Supply And Distribution ◽

Motion Characteristics ◽

The City ◽

Epicentral Region

During the Michoacan earthquake of September 19, 1985, the water supply and distribution systems of Metropolitan Mexico City were severely damaged. This paper investigates the type of damage, taking into consideration the characteristics of the earthquake and the peculiar soil and topographic conditions of the valley where the city is situated. It describes the water systems in the metropolitan area, the main features of the subsoil conditions and the engineering aspects of the earthquake, highlighting their relationship to lifeline earthquake engineering. The investigation concentrates on the damage statistics for the buried segmented pipelines in the water systems. It observes and explains the relatively low damage to lifelines in the epicentral region by analyzing and comparing ground motion characteristics there and in Mexico City. Finally, based on the analysis of this information, some recommendations are given to reduce the seismic vulnerability of the water systems in the metropolitan area.

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Dependence of COVID-19 Policies on End-of-Year Holiday Contacts in Mexico City Metropolitan Area: A Modeling Study

MDM Policy & Practice ◽

10.1177/23814683211049249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 238146832110492

Author(s):

Fernando Alarid-Escudero ◽

Valeria Gracia ◽

Andrea Luviano ◽

Jorge Roa ◽

Yadira Peralta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Prediction Interval ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Transmission Model ◽

Primary Data ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Hospital Capacity ◽

Dynamic Transmission Model ◽

The City

Background. Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) has the largest number of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) cases in Mexico and is at risk of exceeding its hospital capacity in early 2021. Methods. We used the Stanford-CIDE Coronavirus Simulation Model (SC-COSMO), a dynamic transmission model of COVID-19, to evaluate the effect of policies considering increased contacts during the end-of-year holidays, intensification of physical distancing, and school reopening on projected confirmed cases and deaths, hospital demand, and hospital capacity exceedance. Model parameters were derived from primary data, literature, and calibrated. Results. Following high levels of holiday contacts even with no in-person schooling, MCMA will have 0.9 million (95% prediction interval 0.3–1.6) additional COVID-19 cases between December 7, 2020, and March 7, 2021, and hospitalizations will peak at 26,000 (8,300–54,500) on January 25, 2021, with a 97% chance of exceeding COVID-19-specific capacity (9,667 beds). If MCMA were to control holiday contacts, the city could reopen in-person schools, provided they increase physical distancing with 0.5 million (0.2–0.9) additional cases and hospitalizations peaking at 12,000 (3,700–27,000) on January 19, 2021 (60% chance of exceedance). Conclusion. MCMA must increase COVID-19 hospital capacity under all scenarios considered. MCMA’s ability to reopen schools in early 2021 depends on sustaining physical distancing and on controlling contacts during the end-of-year holiday.

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