Gestational age-specific reference intervals for blood copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, lead, and cadmium during normal pregnancy

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 777-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Zhang ◽  
Enwu Yuan ◽  
Junjie Liu ◽  
Xiaofeng Lou ◽  
Liting Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Copper Zinc

Gestational age-specific reference intervals for 15 biochemical measurands during normal pregnancy in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanpeng Dai ◽  
Junjie Liu ◽  
Enwu Yuan ◽  
Yushan Li ◽  
Quanxian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Laboratory Results

Aims Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can influence biochemical parameters. Therefore, using reference intervals based on specimens from non-pregnant women to interpret laboratory results during pregnancy may be inappropriate. This study aimed to establish the essential reference intervals for a range of analytes during pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 13,656 healthy pregnant and 2634 non-pregnant women. Fifteen biochemical measurands relating to renal and hepatic function were analysed using an Olympus AU5400 analyzer (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). All the laboratory results were checked for outliers using Dixon’s test. Reference intervals were established using a non-parametric method. Results Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, cholinesterase, creatinine, direct bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, total bile acid and total protein showed a decrease during the whole gestational period, while alkaline phosphatase and uric acid increased. Urea nitrogen, β2-microglobulin and cystatin-C fell significantly during the first trimester and then remained relatively stable until third trimester. Reference intervals of all the measurands during normal pregnancy have been established. Conclusions The reference intervals established here can be adopted in other clinical laboratories after appropriate validation. We verified the importance, for some measurands, of partitioning by gestational age when establishing reference intervals during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals

2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rt Stricker ◽  
M Echenard ◽  
R Eberhart ◽  
M-C Chevailler ◽  
V Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Laboratory Evidence ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Background: Maternal thyroid dysfunction has been associated with a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Laboratory measurement of thyroid function plays an important role in the assessment of maternal thyroid health. However, occult thyroid disease and physiologic changes associated with pregnancy can complicate interpretation of maternal thyroid function tests (TFTs). Objective and methods: To 1) establish the prevalence of laboratory evidence for autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in pregnant women; 2) establish gestational age-specific reference intervals for TFTs in women without AITD; and 3) examine the influence of reference intervals on the interpretation of TFT in pregnant women. Serum samples were collected from 2272 pregnant women, and TFT performed. Gestational age-specific reference intervals were determined in women without AITD, and then compared with the non-pregnant assay-specific reference intervals for interpretation of testing results. Results: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab) were positive in 10.4 and 15.7% of women respectively. TPO-Ab level was related to maternal age, but TPO-Ab status, Tg-Ab status, and Tg-Ab level were not. Women with TSH > 3.0 mIU/l were significantly more likely to be TPO-Ab positive. Gestational age-specific reference intervals for TFT were significantly different from non-pregnant normal reference intervals. Interpretation of TFT in pregnant women using non-pregnant reference intervals could potentially result in misclassification of a significant percentage of results (range: 5.6–18.3%). Conclusion: Laboratory evidence for thyroid dysfunction was common in this population of pregnant women. Accurate classification of TFT in pregnant women requires the use of gestational age-specific reference intervals.

scholarly journals The influence of ecological and geographical conditions on the concentration of heavy metals in the spleen of Hereford cattle bred in the conditions of the Novosibirsk and Altai regions

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
K. N. Narozhnikh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Cadmium Lead

Contamination of the food chain with heavy metals has become an urgent problem in recent years due to their potential accumulation in biosystems and is related to increased anthropogenic impact. This study assessed the levels of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in cattle from the Novosibirsk, Krasnozersk, and Maslyanino regions of the Novosibirsk region and the Tselinny region of the Altai region. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of the ecological and geographical factors on the content of heavy metals in the spleen of Hereford gobies. Spleen samples were taken from 31 clinically healthy Hereford bulls aged 16-18 months. Sample preparation was carried out in accordance with GOST 26929-94 and 30178- 96. The determination of the chemical composition of the samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame and electrothermal atomization. The median values for the content of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in the spleen of bull calves bred in Krasnozersky, Maslyaninsky, Novosibirsk and Tselinny regions were in the range of 1.6-1.8; 21.0-22.4; 0.06-1.45; 0.01-0.09 mg / kg. The phenotypic variability of the level of copper and zinc was relatively low, while that of lead and cadmium was high. The influence of the ecological and geographical factor was characteristic only for the level of cadmium. Significant differences in the concentration of cadmium in the spleen in animals raised in the Maslyanino region from those bred in the Krasnozersk and Novosibirsk regions were revealed. For copper, zinc and lead reference intervals were calculated - 0.60-2.92; 17.2-26.0; 0.019-0.218 mg / kg, respectively. They can serve as a rough guideline for Hereford cattle bred in the Krasnozersk, Novosibirsk, Maslyanino districts of the Novosibirsk region and the Tselinny district of the Altai region.

Current Practices When Reporting Quantitative Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Test Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 850-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Grenache
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Reporting Practices

Abstract Background Quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) tests are commonly used to determine a woman’s pregnancy status. Discrete results are evaluated and/or interpreted against a reference interval or cutoff. Reporting practices across laboratories have not been investigated. Methods A voluntary questionnaire was distributed to 6433 laboratories participating in a general chemistry proficiency testing survey. Results Responses were received from 3568 (55%) laboratories. Overall, 31% used a single reference cutoff, with 42% and 14% using values of 5.0 and 25.0 IU/L, respectively. In total, 68% of laboratories provided result interpretations, most frequently “negative” and “positive.” Reference intervals based on chronological age were offered by 9% of laboratories; 60% reported gestational age-based intervals. In addition, 25% provided male-specific reference intervals, with 2.0 IU/L being the most commonly used single-point cutoff. Only 12% of laboratories offered a separate, orderable test for hCG as a tumor marker, with 5.0 IU/L as the most frequently used reference threshold. Nearly half of laboratories used assay product insert data as the reference interval source. Conclusions There is wide variation when reporting quantitative hCG results. Despite a well-established reference limit of <5.0 IU/L for nonpregnant women, fewer than half of laboratories used this cutoff. The reporting of gestational age-based reference intervals is more common than those based on chronological age despite greater clinical utility for the latter. Data-driven guidelines for reporting quantitative hCG test results could deliver more consistent result interpretation.

scholarly journals Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Pentraxin-3 Reference Intervals During Normal Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Wirestam ◽  
Sofia Pihl ◽  
Muna Saleh ◽  
Jonas Wetterö ◽  
Christopher Sjöwall
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Pentraxin 3 ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
The Third

Although several biomarkers are available to monitor the acute phase response, the short pentraxin C-reactive protein (CRP) is dominating in clinical practice. The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is structurally and functionally related to CRP, but not liver-derived. In addition, increased levels of PTX3 have been linked to preeclampsia. Reference intervals are usually based on healthy blood donors. Several physiological and immunological alterations occur during normal pregnancy with subsequent potential effects on blood analytes. Hence, this study aims to determine pregnancy-specific reference intervals for CRP and PTX3. Longitudinal clinical data and blood plasma samples from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of 100 healthy, non-medicating, females aged 18–40 at the time-point of conception were available to us. High‐sensitivity CRP measurements were performed by turbidimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify PTX3. CRP and PTX3 levels followed each other during the first two trimesters and both increased during the third trimester. CRP showed a median of 4.12 mg/L in the third trimester, and were significantly higher compared to the first (median 2.39 mg/L, p<0.0001) and the second (median 2.44 mg/L, p=0.0006) trimesters. In the third trimester PTX3 levels reached a median of 7.70 µg/L, and were significantly higher compared to the first (median 3.33 µg/L, p<0.0001) and the second (median 3.70 µg/L, p<0.0001) trimesters. Plasma albumin was inversely correlated with CRP (rho=-0.27, p<0.0001), but not with PTX3. In conclusion, it is important to consider pregnancy-specific reference values as elevations of CRP and PTX3 during the later phase may occur in absence of infection.

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