Effect of 10% dietary protein intake on whole body protein kinetics in type 2 diabetic adults

Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism was explored in young adult men by a primed constant intravenous infusion of a mixture of L-[1–13C]leucine and L-[alpha-15N]lysine over a 4-h period. Subjects were studied after an overnight fast (postabsorptive state) or while consuming hourly meals (fed state) after adaptation to diets providing either a surfeit level of protein (1.5 g.kg body-1.day-1), a level approximating maintenance requirements (marginal intake) (0.6 g.kg body wt-1.day-1), or a grossly inadequate level (0.1 g.kg-1.day-1). The change in protein intake from a marginal to a surfeit level was associated with an increased leucine flux and incorporation of leucine into body protein. In the fed state, oxidation of leucine increased sharply and release of leucine from tissue protein diminished. When dietary protein intake was reduced from the requirement to inadequate level, leucine flux and body protein synthesis and protein breakdown were reduced, together with a smaller reduction in leucine oxidation. The response of the metabolism of [15N]lysine was responsible for maintenance of leucine and other essential amino acid economy, and they appear to be related to the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of the subject. These findings also demonstrate an effect of meals, modulated by their protein content, on the dynamics of whole-body amino acid metabolism.

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Whole-body leucine and muscle protein kinetics in rats fed varying protein intakes

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1984.246.5.e444 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 246 (5) ◽

pp. E444-E451 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

B. C. Laurent ◽

L. L. Moldawer ◽

V. R. Young ◽

B. R. Bistrian ◽

G. L. Blackburn

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Specific Radioactivity ◽

Rectus Muscle ◽

Whole Body ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Body Protein ◽

Leucine Kinetics ◽

Ad Libitum

Whole-body leucine kinetics and rectus muscle synthetic rates were evaluated in postabsorptive rats fed semipurified diets that varied in the casein content. Rats were allowed to consume ad libitum a 2% casein diet or were pair-fed or ad libitum-fed 6, 20, or 40% casein diets for 14 days. After overnight starvation, rates of whole-body leucine kinetics and rectus muscle synthetic rates were determined with a 2-h constant intravenous infusion of L-[1-14C]leucine. The postabsorptive response to inadequate protein intakes included a significant reduction in the release of leucine from whole-body protein degradation as well as subsequent reutilization for protein synthesis. In contrast, dietary protein intake at levels greater than required for maximal growth were not associated with any increases in leucine incorporation into whole-body protein or muscle fractional synthetic rates. Rates of whole-body leucine oxidation based on plasma leucine specific radioactivities underestimated total oxidation by 22-27%, and this was relatively constant as the protein component of the diet was varied. In addition, the muscle acid-soluble leucine specific radioactivity was similar to the plasma alpha-ketoisocaproate enrichment, regardless of dietary protein intake.

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Validation of an FFQ to assess dietary protein intake in type 2 diabetic subjects attending primary health-care services in Mali

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980008002620 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 644-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A Coulibaly ◽

H Turgeon O’Brien ◽

I Galibois

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Total Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Men And Women ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

AbstractObjectiveTo validate a 53-item quantitative FFQ (QFFQ) for the assessment of dietary protein intake in type 2 diabetic outpatients in Bamako, Mali.DesignConsumption of protein-containing foods over the week preceding the interview was measured with a 7d QFFQ and compared with intakes measured with 48-h recalls.SettingCentre National de Lutte contre le Diabète.SubjectsSeventeen male and forty female adults with type 2 diabetes.ResultsCorrelation between protein intakes estimated using the QFFQ and 48h recalls was 0·63 (P< 0·0001). There was no significant difference between the two methods concerning the total protein daily intakes and intakes per kilogram of body weight. The QFFQ indicated that foods of animal origin were a lesser source of protein. Animal protein intake did not differ between men and women but sources did. In men, the main sources were beef (54 % of total animal protein), fish (15 %) and milk powder (8 %). In women, the principal sources were fish (28 %), beef (20 %) and birds (13 %). In contrast, plant protein intake was significantly higher in men than in women (P= 0·01), but the same plant foods contributed in similar proportions for both genders, rice being by far the greatest source (47 % of plant protein in men, 53 % in women).ConclusionThe QFFQ developed in this study is a valid tool to evaluate dietary protein intakes in Malian diabetic subjects. While the total protein intakes were low in both men and women, differences in choices and amounts of protein food sources were shown.

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Influence of Dietary Protein Intake on Whole-Body Protein Turnover in Humans

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/diacare.14.12.1189 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 1189-1198 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

P. J. Garlick ◽

M. A. McNurlan ◽

P. E. Ballmer

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Turnover ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Body Protein

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Influence of dietary protein intake on whole‐body protein turnover in chicks

British Poultry Science ◽

10.1080/00071668708416981 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 471-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

T. Muramatsu ◽

K. Kita ◽

I. Tasaki ◽

J. Okumura

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Turnover ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Body Protein

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.726740450.793525145 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Mikael Fogelholm

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study

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Dietary Protein Intake and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Europe: The EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc13-2627 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1854-1862 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Monique van Nielen ◽

Edith J.M. Feskens ◽

Marco Mensink ◽

Ivonne Sluijs ◽

Esther Molina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Protein Intake

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Association between dietary protein intake and type 2 diabetes varies by dietary pattern

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome ◽

10.1186/s13098-018-0350-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Qiuyi Ke ◽

Chaogang Chen ◽

Fengyi He ◽

Yongxin Ye ◽

Xinxiu Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Protein Intake

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The Anabolic Response to Dietary Protein Is Not Limited by the Maximal Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3276

Author(s):

Sanghee Park ◽

Jiwoong Jang ◽

Myung Dong Choi ◽

Yun-A Shin ◽

Scott Schutzler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Synthesis Rate ◽

Mixed Meal ◽

Protein Kinetics ◽

Anabolic Response ◽

Body Protein

We have recently demonstrated in young adults that an anabolic response with mixed meal protein intake above ~35 g/meal, previously recognized as an “optimal” protein dose, was further stimulated. However, it is unknown if this applies to older adults. We therefore examined anabolic response to a mixed meal containing either 35 g (MOD, moderate amount of protein) or 70 g (HIGH, high amount of protein) in a randomized cross-over metabolic study in older adults (n = 8). Primed continuous infusions of L-[2H5] phenylalanine and L-[2H2]tyrosine were performed to determine whole-body protein kinetics and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (MPS) in basal fasted and fed states. Whole-body protein kinetics (NB, net protein balance; PS, protein synthesis; PB, protein breakdown) and MPS was expressed as changes from the baseline post-absorptive state. Consistent with our previous findings in young adults, both feedings resulted in a positive NB, with HIGH being more positive than MOD. Furthermore, NB (expressed as g protein∙240 min) increased linearly with an increasing amount of protein intake, expressed relative to lean body mass. The positive NB was achieved due mainly to the suppression of PB in both MOD and to a greater extent HIGH, while PS was only increased in HIGH. Consistent with the whole-body data, MPS was significantly higher in HIGH than MOD. Plasma concentrations of essential amino acids and insulin were greater in HIGH vs. MOD. We conclude that in the context of mixed meals, whole-body anabolic response linearly increases with increasing protein intake primarily through the suppression of PB, and MPS was further stimulated with protein intake above the previously considered “optimal” protein dose in older adults.

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Low Physical Activity in Patients with Complicated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Low Muscle Mass and Low Protein Intake

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9103104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 3104

Author(s):

Ilse J. M. Hagedoorn ◽

Niala den Braber ◽

Milou M. Oosterwijk ◽

Christina M. Gant ◽

Gerjan Navis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Creatinine Excretion

Objective: In order to promote physical activity (PA) in patients with complicated type 2 diabetes, a better understanding of daily movement is required. We (1) objectively assessed PA in patients with type 2 diabetes, and (2) studied the association between muscle mass, dietary protein intake, and PA. Methods: We performed cross-sectional analyses in all patients included in the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT) between November 2016 and November 2018. Patients were divided into four groups: <5000, 5000–6999, 7000–9999, ≥ 10,000 steps/day. We studied the association between muscle mass (24 h urinary creatinine excretion rate, CER) and protein intake (by Maroni formula), and the main outcome variable PA (steps/day, Fitbit Flex device) using multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: In the 217 included patients, the median steps/day were 6118 (4115–8638). Of these patients, 48 patients (22%) took 7000–9999 steps/day, 37 patients (17%) took ≥ 10,000 steps/day, and 78 patients (36%) took <5000 steps/day. Patients with <5000 steps/day had, in comparison to patients who took ≥10,000 steps/day, a higher body mass index (BMI) (33 ± 6 vs. 30 ± 5 kg/m2, p = 0.009), lower CER (11.7 ± 4.8 vs. 14.8 ± 3.8 mmol/24 h, p = 0.001), and lower protein intake (0.84 ± 0.29 vs. 1.08 ± 0.22 g/kg/day, p < 0.001). Both creatinine excretion (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) and dietary protein intake (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) were strongly associated with PA, which remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions: Prevalent insufficient protein intake and low muscle mass co-exist in obese patients with low physical activity. Dedicated intervention studies are needed to study the role of sufficient protein intake and physical activity in increasing or maintaining muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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