Simulated tissue growth in tetragonal lattices with mechanical stiffness tuned for bone tissue engineering

Abstract Bone regeneration and natural repair are long-standing processes that can lead to uneven new tissue growth. By introducing scaffolds that can be autografts and/or allografts, tissue engineering provides new approaches to manage the major burdens involved in this process. Polymeric scaffolds allow the incorporation of bioactive agents that improve their biological and mechanical performance, making them suitable materials for bone regeneration solutions. The present work aimed to create chitosan/beta-tricalcium phosphate-based scaffolds coated with silk fibroin and evaluate their potential for bone tissue engineering. Results showed that the obtained scaffolds have porosities up to 86%, interconnectivity up to 96%, pore sizes in the range of 60–170 μm, and a stiffness ranging from 1 to 2 MPa. Furthermore, when cultured with MC3T3 cells, the scaffolds were able to form apatite crystals after 21 d; and they were able to support cell growth and proliferation up to 14 d of culture. Besides, cellular proliferation was higher on the scaffolds coated with silk. These outcomes further demonstrate that the developed structures are suitable candidates to enhance bone tissue engineering.

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Silicon Nitride, a Bioceramic for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Reinforced Cryogel System With Antibiofilm and Osteogenic Effects

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.794586 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Seunghun S. Lee ◽

Leanid Laganenka ◽

Xiaoyu Du ◽

Wolf-Dietrich Hardt ◽

Stephen J. Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Silicon Nitride ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Space Shuttle ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

System Component ◽

Mechanical Stiffness

Silicon nitride (SiN [Si3N4]) is a promising bioceramic for use in a wide variety of orthopedic applications. Over the past decades, it has been mainly used in industrial applications, such as space shuttle engines, but not in the medical field due to scarce data on the biological effects of SiN. More recently, it has been increasingly identified as an emerging material for dental and orthopedic implant applications. Although a few reports about the antibacterial properties and osteoconductivity of SiN have been published to date, there have been limited studies of SiN-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Here, we developed a silicon nitride reinforced gelatin/chitosan cryogel system (SiN-GC) by loading silicon nitride microparticles into a gelatin/chitosan cryogel (GC), with the aim of producing a biomimetic scaffold with antibiofilm and osteogenic properties. In this scaffold system, the GC component provides a hydrophilic and macroporous environment for cells, while the SiN component not only provides antibacterial properties and osteoconductivity but also increases the mechanical stiffness of the scaffold. This provides enhanced mechanical support for the defect area and a better osteogenic environment. First, we analyzed the scaffold characteristics of SiN-GC with different SiN concentrations, followed by evaluation of its apatite-forming capacity in simulated body fluid and protein adsorption capacity. We further confirmed an antibiofilm effect of SiN-GC against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as enhanced cell proliferation, mineralization, and osteogenic gene upregulation for MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. Finally, we developed a bioreactor to culture cell-laden scaffolds under cyclic compressive loading to mimic physiological conditions and were able to demonstrate improved mineralization and osteogenesis from SiN-GC. Overall, we confirmed the antibiofilm and osteogenic effect of a silicon nitride reinforced cryogel system, and the results indicate that silicon nitride as a biomaterial system component has a promising potential to be developed further for bone tissue engineering applications.

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Laser Surface Engineering of Hierarchy Hydroxyapatite Aerogel for Bone Tissue Engineering

Volume 1: Processes ◽

10.1115/msec2017-3035 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Pedram Parandoush ◽

Hanxiong Fan ◽

Xiaolei Song ◽

Dong Lin

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Laser Processing ◽

Laser Energy ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Human Bone ◽

Dense Layer ◽

Freeze Casting ◽

Porous Microstructure

Bioceramics with porous microstructure has attracted intense attention in tissue engineering due to tissue growth facilitation in the human body. In the present work, a novel manufacturing process for producing hydroxyapatite (HA) aerogels with a high density shell inspired by human bone microstructure is proposed for bone tissue engineering applications. This method combines laser processing and traditional freeze casting in which HA aerogel is prepared by freeze casting and aqueous suspension prior to laser processing of the aerogel surface with a focused CO2 laser beam that forms a dense layer on top of the porous microstructure. Using the proposed method, HA aerogel with dense shell was successfully prepared with a microstructure similar to human bone. The effect of laser process parameters on surface and cross-sectional morphology and microstructure was investigated in order to obtain optimum parameters and have a better understanding of the process. Low laser energy resulted in fragile surface with defects and cracks due to low temperature and inability of laser to fully melt the surface while high laser energy caused thermal damage both to surface and microstructure. The range of 40–45 W laser power, 5 mm/s scanning speed, spot size of 1 mmm and 50 % overlap in laser scanning the surface yielded the best surface morphology and micro structure in our experiments.

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Optimization of mechanical stiffness and cell density of 3D bioprinted cell-laden scaffolds improves extracellular matrix mineralization and cellular organization for bone tissue engineering

Acta Biomaterialia ◽

10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 114 ◽

pp. 307-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jianhua Zhang ◽

Esther Wehrle ◽

Pavel Adamek ◽

Graeme R. Paul ◽

Xiao-Hua Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Cell Density ◽

Cellular Organization ◽

Mechanical Stiffness ◽

Matrix Mineralization

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Optimization of Mechanical Stiffness and Cell Density of 3D Bioprinted Cell-Laden Scaffolds Improves Extracellular Matrix Mineralization and Osteocyte-Like Cell Organization for Bone Tissue Engineering

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3559966 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jianhua Zhang ◽

Esther Wehrle ◽

Pavel Adamek ◽

Graeme R. Paul ◽

Xiao-Hua Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Cell Density ◽

Mechanical Stiffness ◽

Matrix Mineralization ◽

Cell Organization

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On the Tortuosity of TPMS Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12040596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 596

Author(s):

Rafael Guerreiro ◽

Tiago Pires ◽

José M. Guedes ◽

Paulo R. Fernandes ◽

André P. G. Castro

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Minimal Surfaces ◽

Fluid Dynamic ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Cfd Simulations ◽

New Developments ◽

Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces ◽

Triply Periodic

Recently, bone tissue engineering (TE) has seen new developments, with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) being used to develop new porosity-controlled scaffolds to interface new tissue growth. The process of choosing the best geometry to a specific application still lacks research, so the goal for this work is to propose a new method of scaffold selection, based on assessing the tortuosity inside these symmetric TPMS-based structures. Additionally, computer fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were conducted to validate this method. The comparison between tortuosity and CFD outputs suggests that an analysis of the tortuosity could be used as an early indicator of the scaffold’s viability for specific applications, favouring scaffolds with more intricate and curvature-dependent streamlines.

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Eggshell Membrane Protein Modified Silk Fibroin-Poly Vinyl Alcohol Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering: In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.32.69 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 69-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mahesh Kumar Sah ◽

Indranil Banerjee ◽

Krishna Pramanik

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Silk Fibroin ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Eggshell Membrane ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Porous Network

There is a need for high performance scaffold in tissue engineering. Keeping this perspective in mind, the present study delineates the preparation and physico-chemical characterization of soluble eggshell protein (SEP) modified silk fibroin (SF)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffold and its application in bone tissue engineering. The SF/PVA scaffold were prepared by salt leaching and modified with eggshell protein. Micro-architechture and porosity analysis revealed that all the scaffolds were having desired pore size (230-360 µm), interconnected porous network and 90% porosity. The scaffolds were found with suitable swelling behavior and biodegradability to support cell proliferation till replaces native osseous tissue. In vitro cyto-compatibility and differentiation study showed that SEP(SF-PVA) supports viability , proliferation and differentiation of cord blood derived human mesenchymal stem cell. Further, in vivo study in mice model showed that the scaffolds are non-immunogenic and support tissue growth. In conclusion, SEP modified SF-PVA scaffold could be a better option for tissue engineering.

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The prospective opportunities offered by magnetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: a review

Joints ◽

10.11138/jts/2016.4.4.228 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 04 (04) ◽

pp. 228-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Alessandro Ortolani ◽

Michele Bianchi ◽

Massimiliano Mosca ◽

Silvio Caravelli ◽

Mario Fuiano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Repair ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Bone Cell ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Static Magnetic Fields ◽

Bone Tissue Formation

Magnetic scaffolds are becoming increasingly attractive in tissue engineering, due to their ability to enhance bone tissue formation by attracting soluble factors, such as growth factors, hormones and polypeptides, directly to the implantation site, as well as their potential to improve the fixation and stability of the implant. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that the synergistic effects of magnetic scaffolds and magnetic fields can promote bone repair and regeneration. In this manuscript we review the recent innovations in bone tissue engineering that exploit magnetic biomaterials combined with static magnetic fields to enhance bone cell adhesion and proliferation, and thus bone tissue growth.

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Laser Surface Engineering of Hierarchy Hydroxyapatite Aerogel for Bone Tissue Engineering

Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing ◽

10.1115/1.4038669 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedram Parandoush ◽

Hanxiong Fan ◽

Xiaolei Song ◽

Dong Lin

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Laser Processing ◽

Laser Power ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Human Bone ◽

Dense Layer ◽

Freeze Casting ◽

Porous Microstructure

Bioceramics with porous microstructure has attracted intense attention in tissue engineering due to tissue growth facilitation in the human body. In the present work, a novel manufacturing process for producing hydroxyapatite (HA) aerogels with a high density shell inspired by human bone microstructure is proposed for bone tissue engineering applications. This method combines laser processing and traditional freeze casting, in which HA aerogel is prepared by freeze casting and aqueous suspension prior to laser processing of the aerogel surface with a focused CO2 laser beam that forms a dense layer on top of the porous microstructure. Using the proposed method, HA aerogel with dense shell was successfully prepared with a microstructure similar to human bone. The effect of laser process parameters on the surface, cross-sectional morphology and microstructure was investigated in order to obtain optimum parameters and has a better understanding of the process. Low laser energy resulted in a fragile thin surface with defects and cracks due to the thermal stress induced by the laser processing. However, increasing the laser power generated a thicker dense layer on the surface, free of defects. The range of 40–45 W laser power, 5 mm/s scanning speed, spot size of 1 mm, and 50% overlap in laser scanning the surface yielded the best surface morphology and microstructure in our experiments.

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HYDROXYAPATITE, ALGINATE, AND CHITOSAN FOR BONE SCAFFOLDS: SPECTROSCOPY STUDY

Dentika Dental Journal ◽

10.32734/dentika.v19i2.457 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 93-100

Author(s):

Lalita El Milla

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Functional Groups ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽

Hydroxyapatite Powder ◽

Materials Used

Scaffolds is three dimensional structure that serves as a framework for bone growth. Natural materials are often used in synthesis of bone tissue engineering scaffolds with respect to compliance with the content of the human body. Among the materials used to make scafffold was hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan. Hydroxyapatite powder obtained by mixing phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, alginate powders extracted from brown algae and chitosan powder acetylated from crab. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional groups of hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan. The method used in this study was laboratory experimental using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan powders. The results indicated the presence of functional groups PO43-, O-H and CO32- in hydroxyapatite. In alginate there were O-H, C=O, COOH and C-O-C functional groups, whereas in chitosan there were O-H, N-H, C=O, C-N, and C-O-C. It was concluded that the third material containing functional groups as found in humans that correspond to the scaffolds material in bone tissue engineering.

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