The role of affective touch in whole-body embodiment remains equivocal

The problem of representation is central to all discussions of the functions of legislatures or the behavior of legislators. For it is commonly taken for granted that, in democratic political systems, legislatures are both legitimate and authoritative decision-making institutions, and that it is their representative character which makes them authoritative and legitimate. Through the process of representation, presumably, legislatures are empowered to act for the whole body politic and are legitimized. And because, by virtue of representation, they participate in legislation, the represented accept legislative decisions as authoritative. But agreement about the meaning of the term “representation” hardly goes beyond a general consensus regarding the context within which it is appropriately used. The history of political theory is studded with definitions of representation, usually embedded in ideological assumptions and postulates which cannot serve the uses of empirical research without conceptual clarification.

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Interactive effects of aging and aerobic capacity on energy metabolism–related metabolites of serum, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue

GeroScience ◽

10.1007/s11357-021-00387-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haihui Zhuang ◽

Sira Karvinen ◽

Timo Törmäkangas ◽

Xiaobo Zhang ◽

Xiaowei Ojanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Amino Acid ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Whole Body ◽

Whole Body Metabolism

AbstractAerobic capacity is a strong predictor of longevity. With aging, aerobic capacity decreases concomitantly with changes in whole body metabolism leading to increased disease risk. To address the role of aerobic capacity, aging, and their interaction on metabolism, we utilized rat models selectively bred for low and high intrinsic aerobic capacity (LCRs/HCRs) and compared the metabolomics of serum, muscle, and white adipose tissue (WAT) at two time points: Young rats were sacrificed at 9 months of age, and old rats were sacrificed at 21 months of age. Targeted and semi-quantitative metabolomics analysis was performed on the ultra-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) platform. The effects of aerobic capacity, aging, and their interaction were studied via regression analysis. Our results showed that high aerobic capacity is associated with an accumulation of isovalerylcarnitine in muscle and serum at rest, which is likely due to more efficient leucine catabolism in muscle. With aging, several amino acids were downregulated in muscle, indicating more efficient amino acid metabolism, whereas in WAT less efficient amino acid metabolism and decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation were observed. Our results further revealed that high aerobic capacity and aging interactively affect lipid metabolism in muscle and WAT, possibly combating unfavorable aging-related changes in whole body metabolism. Our results highlight the significant role of WAT metabolism for healthy aging.

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Mild DOCA-salt hypertension: sympathetic system and role of renal nerves

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00972.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 300 (5) ◽

pp. H1781-H1787 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Sachin S. Kandlikar ◽

Gregory D. Fink

Keyword(s):

Control Period ◽

Whole Body ◽

Renal Nerves ◽

Experimental Hypertension ◽

Sympathetic Activation ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Salt Hypertension ◽

Hypertension Development

Excess sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA) is linked to human essential and experimental hypertension. To test whether sympathetic activation is associated with a model of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension featuring two kidneys and a moderate elevation of blood pressure, we measured whole body norepinephrine (NE) spillover as an index of global SNA. Studies were conducted in chronically catheterized male Sprague-Dawley rats drinking water containing 1% NaCl and 0.2% KCl. After a 7-day surgical recovery and a 3-day control period, a DOCA pellet (50 mg/kg) was implanted subcutaneously in one group of rats (DOCA), while the other group underwent sham implantation (Sham). NE spillover was measured on control day 2 and days 7 and 14 after DOCA administration or sham implantation. During the control period, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was similar in Sham and DOCA rats. MAP was significantly increased in the DOCA group compared with the Sham group after DOCA administration ( day 14: Sham = 109 ± 5.3, DOCA = 128 ± 3.6 mmHg). However, plasma NE concentration, clearance, and spillover were not different in the two groups at any time. To determine whether selective sympathetic activation to the kidneys contributes to hypertension development, additional studies were performed in renal denervated (RDX) and sham-denervated (Sham-DX) rats. MAP, measured by radiotelemetry, was similar in both groups during the control and DOCA treatment periods. In conclusion, global SNA is not increased during the development of mild DOCA-salt hypertension, and fully intact renal nerves are not essential for hypertension development in this model.

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Role of whole-body MRI for treatment response assessment in multiple myeloma: comparison between clinical response and imaging response

Cancer Imaging ◽

10.1186/s40644-020-0293-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ho Young Park ◽

Kyung Won Kim ◽

Min A. Yoon ◽

Min Hee Lee ◽

Eun Jin Chae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Clinical Response ◽

Treatment Response ◽

Response Assessment ◽

Whole Body ◽

Whole Body Mri ◽

Treatment Response Assessment ◽

Imaging Response

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Current role of CT and whole body MRI in multiple myeloma

Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging ◽

10.1016/j.diii.2012.12.001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 169-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. Duvauferrier ◽

M. Valence ◽

S. Patrat-Delon ◽

E. Brillet ◽

E. Niederberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Whole Body ◽

Whole Body Mri ◽

Current Role

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High systemic bone mineral density increases the risk of incident knee OA and joint space narrowing, but not radiographic progression of existing knee OA: the MOST study

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/ard.2008.099531 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 69 (01) ◽

pp. 163-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

M C Nevitt ◽

Y Zhang ◽

M K Javaid ◽

T Neogi ◽

J R Curtis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Joint Space Narrowing ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Joint Space ◽

Whole Body ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Knee Oa ◽

Increased Risk

Objectives:Previous studies suggest that high systemic bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with incident knee osteoarthritis (OA) defined by osteophytes but not with joint space narrowing (JSN), and are inconsistent regarding BMD and progression of existing OA. The association of BMD with incident and progressive tibiofemoral OA was tested in a large prospective study of men and women aged 50–79 years with or at risk for knee OA.Methods:Baseline and 30-month weight-bearing posteroanterior and lateral knee radiographs were scored for Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade, JSN and osteophytes. Incident OA was defined as the development of K-L grade ⩾2 at follow-up. All knees were classified for increases in grade of JSN and osteophytes from baseline. The association of gender-specific quartiles of baseline BMD with risk of incident and progressive OA was analysed using logistic regression, adjusting for covariates.Results:The mean (SD) age of 1754 subjects was 63.2 (7.8) years and body mass index was 29.9 (5.4) kg/m2. In knees without baseline OA, higher femoral neck and whole body BMD were associated with an increased risk of incident OA and increases in grade of JSN and osteophytes (p<0.01 for trends); adjusted odds were 2.3–2.9-fold greater in the highest compared with the lowest BMD quartiles. In knees with existing OA, progression was not significantly related to BMD.Conclusions:In knees without OA, higher systemic BMD was associated with a greater risk of the onset of JSN and K-L grade ⩾2. The role of systemic BMD in early knee OA pathogenesis warrants further investigation.

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The Role of AMPK Signaling in Brown Adipose Tissue Activation

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10051122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1122

Author(s):

Jamie I. van der van der Vaart ◽

Mariëtte R. Boon ◽

Riekelt H. Houtkooper

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Whole Body ◽

Ampk Signaling ◽

Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Metabolic Stresses ◽

Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Body Energy

Obesity is becoming a pandemic, and its prevalence is still increasing. Considering that obesity increases the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases, research efforts are focusing on new ways to combat obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a possible target to achieve this for its functional role in energy expenditure by means of increasing thermogenesis. An important metabolic sensor and regulator of whole-body energy balance is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and its role in energy metabolism is evident. This review highlights the mechanisms of BAT activation and investigates how AMPK can be used as a target for BAT activation. We review compounds and other factors that are able to activate AMPK and further discuss the therapeutic use of AMPK in BAT activation. Extensive research shows that AMPK can be activated by a number of different kinases, such as LKB1, CaMKK, but also small molecules, hormones, and metabolic stresses. AMPK is able to activate BAT by inducing adipogenesis, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and inducing browning in white adipose tissue. We conclude that, despite encouraging results, many uncertainties should be clarified before AMPK can be posed as a target for anti-obesity treatment via BAT activation.

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