Information and communications security, privacy and trust: Standards and regulations

The world is technologically advancing, but the management of resultant waste, commonly known as e-waste, is also becoming very challenging. Of major concern is the incessant flow of this waste into the developing world where they assume secondhand value in spite of the associated environmental threats. This study adopts the qualitative approach to examine this phenomenon in Nigeria. The study reveals that aside from being cheaper than the new products, second-hand goods are usually preferred to the new products due to the substandard nature of most new electronics largely imported from Asia (especially China). The tag of Tokunbo or ‘imported from the West’ associated with second-hand goods imported from developed countries makes them more preferable to the public relative to new electronics imported from China, disparagingly termed Chinco. Yet both the second-hand electronics that are socially appreciated as Tokunbo and the substandard new electronics imported into Nigeria together render the country a huge recipient of goods that soon collapse and swell the e-waste heap in the country. This situation may be mitigated through strengthening the Standards Organisation of Nigeria and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, and also by sensitizing Nigerians on the dangers inherent in e-wastes.

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The Roles of Government in Protecting and Promoting Occupational and Environmental Health

10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gregory R. Wagner ◽

Emily A. Spieler

Keyword(s):

Environmental Health ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Occupational Safety ◽

Mine Safety ◽

Health Administration ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Standards And Regulations ◽

Regulatory Interventions ◽

The Government ◽

The U.S

This chapter discusses the roles of government in promoting occupational and environmental health, with a focus on the U.S. federal government. Governmental interventions, as described here, can range from non-regulatory interventions, such as dissemination of information or generation and communication of information, to establishing regulatory requirements through the promulgation and enforcement of standards and regulations. The chapter describes the U.S. laws and roles of the administrative agencies responsible for occupational and environmental health, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Noting the budgetary and political constraints on these federal agencies, the chapter goes on to discuss briefly the role of the public and the states. The government also plays a role when preventive efforts fail, and the chapter provides a brief summary of programs designed to provide compensation to injured workers.

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Standards and Regulations for Physically Assistive Robots**Research supported by Lloyds Register Foundation, under the Assuring Antonomy International Programme

2021 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics (ISR) ◽

10.1109/isr50024.2021.9419508 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Praminda Caleb-Solly ◽

Chris Harper ◽

Sanja Dogramadzi

Keyword(s):

Assistive Robots ◽

International Programme ◽

Standards And Regulations

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Circular economy in the construction sector: advancing environmental performance through systemic and holistic thinking

Environment Systems & Decisions ◽

10.1007/s10669-021-09803-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Magnus Sparrevik ◽

Luitzen de Boer ◽

Ottar Michelsen ◽

Christofer Skaar ◽

Haley Knudson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Sector ◽

Recursive Structure ◽

Effective Implementation ◽

Environmental Effectiveness ◽

Standards And Regulations ◽

Management Schemes ◽

Different Levels

AbstractThe construction sector is progressively becoming more circular by reducing waste, re-using building materials and adopting regenerative solutions for energy production and biodiversity protection. The implications of circularity on construction activities are complex and require the careful evaluation of impacts to select the appropriate path forward. Evaluations of circular solutions and their environmental effectiveness are often performed based on various types of life cycle-based impact assessments. This paper uses systemic thinking to map and evaluate different impact assessment methodologies and their implications for a shift to more circular solutions. The following systemic levels are used to group the methodologies: product (material life cycle declarations and building assessments), organisation (certification and management schemes) and system (policies, standards and regulations). The results confirm that circular economy is integrated at all levels. However, development and structure are not coordinated or governed unidirectionally, but rather occur simultaneously at different levels. This recursive structure is positive if the methods are applied in the correct context, thus providing both autonomy and cohesion in decision making. Methods at lower systemic levels may then improve production processes and stimulate the market to create circular and innovative building solutions, whereas methods at higher systemic levels can be used, for example, by real estate builders, trade organisations and governments to create incentives for circular development and innovation in a broader perspective. Use of the performance methods correctly within an actor network is therefore crucial for successful and effective implementation of circular economy in the construction sector.

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The state of the art and operational scenarios for urban air mobility with unmanned aircraft

The Aeronautical Journal ◽

10.1017/aer.2020.145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

F. D. Maia ◽

J. M. Lourenço da Saúde

Keyword(s):

Traffic Management ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Management Systems ◽

Urban Air ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Starting Point ◽

Standards And Regulations

ABSTRACT A state-of-the-art review of all the developments, standards and regulations associated with the use of major unmanned aircraft systems under development is presented. Requirements and constraints are identified by evaluating technologies specific to urban air mobility, considering equivalent levels of safety required by current and future civil aviation standards. Strategies, technologies and lessons learnt from remotely piloted aviation and novel unmanned traffic management systems are taken as the starting point to assess operational scenarios for autonomous urban air mobility.

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Security assurance cases—state of the art of an emerging approach

Empirical Software Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10664-021-09971-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Mazen Mohamad ◽

Jan-Philipp Steghöfer ◽

Riccardo Scandariato

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Tool Support ◽

Security Assurance ◽

The Past ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Structured Argumentation ◽

Security Properties ◽

Standards And Regulations ◽

Assurance Cases ◽

Security Standards

AbstractSecurity Assurance Cases (SAC) are a form of structured argumentation used to reason about the security properties of a system. After the successful adoption of assurance cases for safety, SAC are getting significant traction in recent years, especially in safety-critical industries (e.g., automotive), where there is an increasing pressure to be compliant with several security standards and regulations. Accordingly, research in the field of SAC has flourished in the past decade, with different approaches being investigated. In an effort to systematize this active field of research, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of the existing academic studies on SAC. Our review resulted in an in-depth analysis and comparison of 51 papers. Our results indicate that, while there are numerous papers discussing the importance of SAC and their usage scenarios, the literature is still immature with respect to concrete support for practitioners on how to build and maintain a SAC. More importantly, even though some methodologies are available, their validation and tool support is still lacking.

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