Cost-effective flexibilisation of an 80 MW retrofitted biomass power plants: Improved combustion control dynamics using virtual air flow sensors

AbstractThe main advantages of the dried enzymes are the lower cost of storage and longer time of preservation for industrial applications. In this study, the spouted bed dryer was utilized for drying the garden radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root extract as a cost-effective source of the peroxidase enzyme. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of main parameters (the inlet air temperature (T) and the ratio of air flow rate to the minimum spouting air flow rate (Q)) on the residual enzyme activity (REA). The maximum REA of 38.7% was obtained at T = 50 °C and Q = 1.4. To investigate the drying effect on the catalytic activity, the optimum reaction conditions (pH and temperature), as well as kinetic parameters, were investigated for the fresh and dried enzyme extracts (FEE and DEE). The obtained results showed that the optimum pH of DEE was decreased by 12.3% compared to FEE, while the optimum temperature of DEE compared to FEE increased by a factor of 85.7%. Moreover, kinetic parameters, thermal-stability, and shelf life of the enzyme were considerably improved after drying by the spouted bed. Overall, the results confirmed that a spouted bed reactor can be used as a promising method for drying heat-sensitive materials such as peroxidase enzyme.

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Advances in absorbents and techniques used in wet and dry FGD: a critical review

Reviews in Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1515/revce-2020-0029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Lokesh Kumar ◽

Susanta Kumar Jana

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Low Cost ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Packed Column ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Solid Wastes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Industries ◽

Slurry Bubble Columns

Abstract Sulfur dioxide is considered as an extremely harmful and toxic substance among the air pollutants emitted from the lignite- and other high-sulfur-coal based power plants, old tires processing units, smelters, and many other process industries. Various types of absorbents and desulfurization technologies have been developed and adopted by the industries to reduce the emission rate of SO2 gas. The present paper focuses on the ongoing advances in the development of varieties of regenerative and non-regenerative absorbents viz., Ca-based, Mg-based, Fe-based, Na-based, N2-based, and others along with various FGD technology, viz., wet, dry or semi-dry processes. Additionally, different types of contactors viz., packed column, jet column, spray tower, and slurry bubble columns along with their significant operational and design features have also been discussed. In the existing or newly installed limestone-based FGD plants, an increasing trend of the utilization of newly developed technologies such as limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) and magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL) are being used at an increasing rate. However, the development of low-cost sorbents, particularly suitable solid wastes, for the abatement of SO2 emission needs to be explored sincerely. Many such wastes cause air pollution by way of entrainment of fine particulate matter (PM), groundwater contamination by its leaching, or brings damage to crops due to its spreading onto the cultivation land. One such pollutant is marble waste and in this work, this has been suggested as a suitable substitute to limestone and cost-effective sorbent for the desulfurization of flue gases. The product of this process being sellable in the market or may be used as a raw material in several industries, it can also prove to be an important route of recycling and reuse of one of the air and water-polluting solid wastes.

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Frequency Domain Characterization of Mass Air Flow Sensors

10.4271/880561 ◽

1988 ◽

Author(s):

W. C. Follmer

Keyword(s):

Frequency Domain ◽

Air Flow ◽

Flow Sensors

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Solar Concentrating Systems Using Small Mirror Arrays

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4000332 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 132 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Joachim Göttsche ◽

Bernhard Hoffschmidt ◽

Stefan Schmitz ◽

Markus Sauerborn ◽

Reiner Buck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Steel Structure ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Wind Loads ◽

Drive Systems ◽

Mirror Area ◽

The Cost

The cost of solar tower power plants is dominated by the heliostat field making up roughly 50% of investment costs. Classical heliostat design is dominated by mirrors brought into position by steel structures and drives that guarantee high accuracies under wind loads and thermal stress situations. A large fraction of costs is caused by the stiffness requirements of the steel structure, typically resulting in ∼20 kg/m2 steel per mirror area. The typical cost figure of heliostats (figure mentioned by Solucar at Solar Paces Conference, Seville, 2006) is currently in the area of 150 €/m2 caused by the increasing price of the necessary raw materials. An interesting option to reduce costs lies in a heliostat design where all moving parts are protected from wind loads. In this way, drives and mechanical layout may be kept less robust, thereby reducing material input and costs. In order to keep the heliostat at an appropriate size, small mirrors (around 10×10 cm2) have to be used, which are placed in a box with a transparent cover. Innovative drive systems are developed in order to obtain a cost-effective design. A 0.5×0.5 m2 demonstration unit will be constructed. Tests of the unit are carried out with a high-precision artificial sun unit that imitates the sun’s path with an accuracy of less than 0.5 mrad and creates a beam of parallel light with a divergence of less than 4 mrad.

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Air Flow Metering and Combustion Control for Spark Ignition Engines

10.4271/930215 ◽

1993 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yoshishige Ohyama ◽

Minoru Ohsuga ◽

Mamoru Fujieda

Keyword(s):

Air Flow ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Spark Ignition Engines ◽

Combustion Control ◽

Flow Metering

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Radiation shielding structures : Concepts, behaviour and the role of the heavy weight concrete as a shielding material - Rewiev

Concrete Structures ◽

10.32970/cs.2020.1.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 24-30

Author(s):

Suha Ismail Ahmed Ali ◽

Éva Lublóy

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Building Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Radiation Shielding ◽

Radiation Emission ◽

Neutron Shielding ◽

Heavy Weight ◽

Industrial Buildings

The construction of radiation shielding buildings still developed. Application of ionizing radiations became necessary for different reasons, like electricity generation, industry, medical (therapy treatment), agriculture, and scientific research. Different countries all over the world moving toward energy saving, besides growing the demand for using radiation in several aspects. Nuclear power plants, healthcare buildings, industrial buildings, and aerospace are the main neutrons and gamma shielding buildings. Special design and building materials are required to enhance safety and reduce the risk of radiation emission. Radiation shielding, strength, fire resistance, and durability are the most important properties, cost-effective and environmentally friendly are coming next. Heavy-weight concrete (HWC) is used widely in neutron shielding materials due to its cost-effectiveness and worthy physical and mechanical properties. This paper aims to give an overview of nuclear buildings, their application, and behaviour under different radiations. Also to review the heavy-weight concrete and heavy aggregate and their important role in developing the neutrons shielding materials. Conclusions showed there are still some gaps in improving the heavy-weight concrete (HWC) properties.

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PENGUJIAN PERFORMA REAKTOR DOWNDRAFT BIOMASSA KOTORAN SAPI

POROS ◽

10.24912/poros.v16i2.11650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

Muhammad Ridwan Ridwan ◽

Noviyanti Nugraha Nugraha

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Power Plants ◽

Gas Content ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Test Results ◽

Discharge Temperature ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Chamber Temperature ◽

Biomass Power Plant ◽

Biomass Power Plants

Biomass power plants are electricity generators with alternative energy that utilize organicmaterials, in this case cow dung. The cow dung is then processed to produce syngas. Syngas is used as fuelto turn turbines. In previous studies, a cow manure gasification reactor was designed and manufactured.This reactor is part of a biomass power plant system (PLTBm) which is made separately. The power outputtarget of this PLTBm is 370 kW. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of the downdraftreactor of cow dung biomass, namely discharge, temperature, and analyze the gas content released by thereactor so that the power that can be generated by the reactor can be obtained. The test results obtained acombustion chamber temperature of 580°C and a discharge of 0.285 m3/s. The composition of the outputgas is acetylene 58.16%, hexane 27.66%, butane 6.38%, and methane 7.8%. From the calculation results,the power generated by the reactor is 342 kW.

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